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12, 65–66, 74, 75, 83–91, 178–80, 241; to preserve the nation, 166–67; as proslavery society, 4–5, 12, 40, 42, 48, 149, 153; and publicity, 109; reorganization of, 111–29, 167–69; and women, 110–11 American Convention of Abolitionists, xvi, 18, 28, 35; and black resettlement, 37–41, 97, 149–51 American Missionary Association, 209 American System. See Mathew Carey and the nationalist political agenda Archer, Samuel, 47 Ashmun Institute, 232, 248 Bacon, Leonard, 5, 42, 49, 102–3, 107, 124, 127, 226; and the Journal of Freedom, 121; and restructure of ACS, 128 Bacon, Samuel, 47 Bassa Cove, 44, 93–95, 129, 165, 171, 234 Bayard, J.W., 112 Beecher, Lyman, 103 Benezet, Anthony, 9, 19, 23–27, 29–30, 36, 40, 72, 196, 254n16; and James Forten, 133 Benson, Stephen A., 209 Binney, Horace, 47 Birney, James G., 91, 125 black conventions, 155 African Civilization Society, 184–85, 206, 209–10 African Education Society, 99, 106 African Institution, 37, 106, 141, 144–45 Aiken, Samuel, 144 Allen, Richard, 31–32, 33, 37, 39, 46; and 1793 yellow fever epidemic, 76–77, 136; and emigration, 142, 152 Allen, William, 118, 142 American Anti-Slavery Society, 158, 180 American Colonization Society, vxii, 15, 18, 35, 39, 42, 43; and African Education Society, 106; and African uplift, 101–102, 121, 127; and black “self-help” and commercial success, 16, 46, 48, 168–69, 174; to combat the slave trade, 87, 100–1, 169–70, 183; and emancipation, 5–6, 12, 42, 49–50, 55, 59, 95, 97–99, 112, 117, 163, 175, 219; and forced removal, 148, 221–27; founding, 99–100; and free blacks, 39, 46, 50–55, 88, 96, 102, 109, 112, 127, 130, 163, 165, 175, 179; and grassroots organizing, 108–9; as hindrance to black uplift, 102, 106–7, 121; as humanitarian endeavor, 100–1, 167–70; and need for government support, 165, 175, 222; as political movement, 4, 6, Index Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations. 292 / index 172; and racial uplift, 173, 183–84; and select emigration, 184; and Young Men’s Colonization Society of Pennsylvania, 172, 232 colonization funded by sale of western lands, 89 Colton, Calvin, 169–70 Constitutional Convention of 1837–38, xiv, 158–59, 197, 233 Coppinger, William, 175, 209 Cotton Supply Association, 182 Cox, Tenche, 28, 82 Crandall, Prudence school incident, 107–8, 223 Cresson, Elliott, xviii, 15, 60, 92, 94, 165, 175, 203, 210, 221, 223, 226, 228, 234; biography, 96; and black education and uplift, 62, 96, 102–6, 231–32; and British Colonization Society, 121; in England, 116–23, 175, 225; and Gerrit Smith Plan, 61; and grassroots organization, 92, 108; and Pennsylvania Abolition Society, 96, 97; and Pennsylvania Hall, xviii, xix, 227; and Prudence Crandall incident, 107–8; and restructure of ACS, 120–24, 128–29, 167–69; and Young Men’s Colonization Society of Pennsylvania, 129, 167 Crosby, John, 124, 234 Cuffee, Paul, 37, 39, 52, 100, 185; and African Institution, 142–43; and commercial motives for resettlement, 142, 187, 202; and resettlement as selfhelp , 146; and select emigration, 142, 146; and Sierra Leone, 142–43 Cugoano, Ottobah, 146 Dailey, Joseph R., 157 Dale, Richard, 47 Davidson, William B., 57 Davis, John B., 61 Day, William Howard, 209 degraded condition argument, 12, 29, 50, 59, 77, 105, 129, 224 Delany, Martin R., 16, 92, 172, 173, 188, 236, 245–48; and African emigration, 206–18; and American Colonization Society, 202–3; biography, 190–92; and British allies, 214–15; and colonization as means of independence and Boyd, George, 41, 60, 61 British colonization movement, 10, 38, 141–46 Broadnax, William H., 124 Brown, David Paul, xvi, 159, 170 Buchanan, Thomas, 168–69 Burgess, Ebenezer, 100 Burleigh, Charles C., xvii Buxton, Thomas Fowell, 10, 169–70, 182 Caldwell, Elias Boudinot, 46, 48 Campbell, Robert, 172, 208, 209, 214 Canadian emigration, 155, 204–5 Carey, Henry Charles, 91 Carey, Mathew, 15, 64, 95, 226, 231, 241; as colonization publicist, 85–92, 109; and cultural assimilation 69–72; early life in Ireland, 66–69; on emancipation, 73–74, 84–85; and Gerrit Smith Plan, 61, 65; as humanitarian, 68, 75–77; and importance of ethnic homogeneity, 72–77, 83, 85, 86; and the nationalist political agenda, 65, 69, 75, 77–85, 89; and political side of colonization, 74, 75, 83–92, 221, 242–43; and racism, 76–77; on the slave trade, 72–73; and yellow fever epidemic, 76–77 Carolinian, 111...