Releasing Prisoners, Redeeming Communities: Reentry, Race, and Politics

Notes

Notes n o t e s to t h e i n t ro du c t i o n 1. Jeremy Travis et al., Urban Institute Justice Policy Center, From Prison to Home: The Dimensions and Consequences of Prisoner Reentry (2001), available at http://www.urban.org. 2. James P. Lynch & William J. Sabol, Prisoner Reentry in Perspective, 3 Crime Pol’y Rep. 15 (Sept. 2001). 3. Jeremy Travis et al., supra note 1 (“More than 95 percent of the nation ’s state prisoners will eventually return to the community.”). 4. George W. Bush, State of the Union Address (Jan. 20, 2004), available at http://www.whitehouse.gov. 5. E.g., Remarks of the Honorable Janet Reno, Attorney General of the United States, on the Reentry Court Initiative, John Jay College of Criminal Justice (Feb. 10, 2000), available at http://www.usdoj.gov. 6. Second Chance Act of 2007 (HR 1593), along with Representatives Cannon , Conyers, Coble, Scott of Virginia, Smith of Texas, Jones of Ohio, Forbes, Schiff, Sensenbrenner, Chabot, Jackson-Lee of Texas, Cummings, Johnson of Georgia, Clarke, and seventy-five other members of Congress. A companion bill (S1060) has been introduced into the Senate, sponsored by Senators Biden, Specter, Brownback, Leahy, Obama, and ten other senators. 7. Gerald Frug, City Services, 73 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 23, 73 (citing Jeff Jacoby, Crime Is Down, So Why Don’t We Feel Safer?, Boston Globe, Aug. 17, 1995, at 19). notes to chapter 1 1. Laura Ofobike, An Unforgiving Society Ties Itself in Moral Knots: How Are Ex-Offenders to Carry Their Own Weight?, Akron Beacon J., Dec. 20, 2005, at B2. 2. Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics 2000 (2001) [hereinafter U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Sourcebook 2000]; Bureau of Justice Stat., Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Prisoners in 2001 (2002) [hereinafter U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Prisoners in 2001]. 189 3. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Sourcebook 2000, supra note 2, at 488 tbl.6.2; U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Prisoners in 2001, supra note 2, at 11. 4. Katherine Beckett, Making Crime Pay: Law and Order in Contemporary American Politics 4–5; 14–27 (Oxford Univ. Press 1997) (suggesting that public concern about crime was a product of media attention and political anticrime initiatives, rather than crime rates, and that the resulting crackdown on crime was a socially and politically engineered response); Kathlyn Taylor Gaubatz, Crime in the Public Mind 5–8 (Univ. of Mich. Press 1995). 5. Anthony C. Thompson, Stopping the Usual Suspects: Race and the Fourth Amendment, 74 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 956 (1999). 6. Jerome G. Miller, Search and Destroy: African American Males in the Criminal Justice System (Cambridge Univ. Press 1996). 7. Alfred Blumstein, Incarceration Trends, 7 U. Chi. L. Sch. Roundtable 95 (2000); Nicholas Lemann & Michael Tonry, Malign Neglect: Race, Crime, and Punishment in America (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1995); Jeffrey Fagan et al., Reciprocal Effects of Crime and Incarceration in New York City Neighborhoods, 30 Fordham Urb. L.J. 1551 (2003). 8. U.S. Sentencing Comm’n, Report to Congress: Cocaine and Federal Sentencing iv–v (2002); see also Laurence A. Benner, Racial Disparity in Narcotics Search Warrants, 6 J. Gender Race & Just. 183, 197–98 (2002). A study of drug warrants issued in San Diego County found that in the district that included the city of San Diego, 39 percent of the warrants were for crack cocaine and only 2 percent of the warrant subjects for crack cocaine were White. Id. African Americans were 50 percent of the targets for crack cocaine warrants and Hispanics were 48 percent. Id. 9. Ann Bailey, Legal Services, Poor Clients, and the “War on Drugs,” 24 Clearinghouse Rev. 504 (1990). 10. Katheryn K. Russell & Hernan Vera, The Color of Crime: Racial Hoaxes, White Fear, Black Protectionism, Police Harassment, and Other Macroaggressions 26–46, 110–29 (Univ. of Chicago Press 1998); David A. Harris, Profiles in Injustice: Why Racial Profiling Cannot Work, 21 Crim. Just. Ethics 66 (2002); Samuel R. Gross & Katherine Y. Barnes, Road Work: Racial Profiling and Drug Interdiction on the Highway, 101 Mich. L. Rev. 651, 655 (2002). 11. David Cole, No Equal Justice: Race and Class in the American Criminal Justice System 4–5 (New Press 1999). 12. Id. at 9. 13. Id. at 9–11. 14. Marc Mauer...