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| 243 Notes Introduction 1. I borrow these well-known formulations from Levi-Strauss (1963: 89) and Turner (1969: 95). See Sibley 1995, James 1986, and Valentine et al. 1998 for related arguments. 2. Austin and Willard 1998: 1, Donahue et al. 1998. 3. Wyness et al. 2004. 4. Cindi Katz 2001a: 709. 5. This book builds on calls to investigate the politics of childhood and youth by Stephens 1995, Ruddick 2003, Cindi Katz 2001b, 2004. 6. Aitkin 2000. 7. Cindi Katz 2001b: 52, Mizen 2002. 8. See Lindsey 2009, Cindi Katz 2001a, Kozol 2005, and Lareau 2003. 9. Lindsey 2009. 10. See Lindsey 2009 for poverty, and Austin 1995, Crowell et al. 2001, Krisberg et al. 1987 for disparities in juvenile justice. Most national research doesn’t distinguish between different Asian ethnicities, but if one compares Chinese or Japanese American kids with Tongan or Cambodian American kids, one finds radically different levels of poverty, levels of incarceration, and life trajectories (Le et al. 2001). 11. See Clarence Taylor 2009 for a powerful critique of the term “post–civil rights era.” Although I use it as shorthand in this book, as will be abundantly clear I mean to suggest neither that race no longer matters nor that racial inequalities are gone. 12. Gupta and Sharma 2006, Li 2005, Mitchell 1992, Ferguson and Gupta 2002. 13. Mitchell et al. 2003: 432. 14. Abrams 1977. 15. As historians Robert Self (2003:14) and Ira Katznelson (2005) demonstrate, New Deal liberalism itself was rife with contradictions, regulating the markets and expanding paths to the middle class for white workers and families while excluding black families from equal opportunities. 16. Michael Katz 2001: 27, Hyatt 2001: 202. 17. Kingfisher and Goldsmith 2001, Morgan and Maskovsky 2003. 18. Simon 1997 and 2007: 75, Parenti 1999, Davis 1992. 19. Lancaster 2007: xiii. 20. Warren et al. 2008: 5. 21. Braman 2004. 22. Rios 2004. 244 | Notes 23. Wacquant 2001. 24. Jeffrey and McDowell 2004: 131, Cindi Katz 2001a, 2004, Giroux 2003, Jones et al. 1992. 25. Michael Katz 2001: 104. 26. Hyatt 2001. 27. Holland et al. argue that public-private partnerships characteristic of neoliberal “market rule” pose deep challenges to democracy, but at the same time, sometimes ironically also “create an opening, albeit a small one, for democratic empowerment” and for the emergence of “counter-publics” (2007: 9). 28. Maskovsky 2006: 77-78, Rose 1996: 41. 29. Michael Katz 2001, Li 2005, and Brenner and Theodore 2002. 30. Hebdige (1988: 30), Adams 1997, Griffin 1993. 31. Buckholtz 2002 argues that youth is best defined as a “shifter” because its meaning depends on context of speaking, like deictics “this” and “there.” 32. Zelizer 1994, Valentine 2004, Prout and James 1990. 33. Lesko 2001, Valentine 2004, Ackland 1995, Adams 1997, Austin and Willard 1998. 34. Pollock 2005: 47. 35. Fraser 1989: 204. 36. Goldstein 2001: 238. 37. Ritterhouse 2006: 63. 38. Lindenmeyer 2007. 39. Collins 1990. 40. This pattern reproduced the long-standing marginalization of black women from mainstream civil rights activism (Crenshaw 1996). 41. HoSang 2006: 8. 42. Jeffrey and McDowell 2004, Comaroff and Comaroff 2000, Scheper-Hughes and Sargent 1998, Jenks 1996, Ruddick 2003. 43. Finn 2001. 44. These trends cross gender and racial lines (Fussell and Furstenberg 2005: 30). 45. Robbins and Wilner 2001, Steinle 2005. 46. Arnett 2004, Feldman and Elliott 1990. 47. Juvenile justice historian Barry Feld argues that these schizophrenic policies “enable states to selectively choose between two constructs to manipulate young people’s legal status, to maximize their social control, and to subordinate their freedom and autonomy” (Feld 1999: 9). 48. Males 1996: 248, Finn 2001, Schwartz et al. 1984. 49. Krisberg et al. 1987, McGarrell 1993, Zimring 1998, Feld 1999. 50. News coverage of youth crime escalated between 1990 and 1998 even as the youth crime rate dropped 20% (Dorfman and Shiraldi 2001). 51. Macallair and Males 2000. 52. Poe-Yamagata and Jones 2000: 25. 53. Deitch 2009, National Council on Crime and Delinquency 2007, Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International 2005, Males and Macallair 2000. 54. Feld 1999: 7. [44.197.108.187] Project MUSE (2024-03-29 08:55 GMT) Notes | 245 55. National focus groups and polls have repeatedly documented this equation (Soler 2001: 15). 56. Katz and Stern 2005, Isaacs 2008. 57. Golden 1995: 21. 58. Center for Juvenile and Criminal Justice et al. 2002: 13-14. Criminologists have documented the influence of decisions made at many points: police patrols focusing on minority neighborhoods, racial disparities...