One Nation Underground: The Fallout Shelter in American Culture

Notes

Notes notes to the introduction 1.“Company Shelters Are Ready,” BusinessWeek, 21 October 1961, 137. 2. See “Fallout Protection: Here Are Case Histories of Family Shelters Recently Built in the West,” Sunset 127, no. 5 (November 1961): 107–14. 3.“Civil Defense:The Sheltered Life,” Time, 20 October 1961, 21. 4. Earl Pomeroy, “Fallout Shelter for Whole Town,” Denver Post, 6 November 1961. 5.Arthur I.Waskow and Stanley L. Newman, America in Hiding (NewYork: Ballantine , 1962), 23. 6. Khrushchev’s stand on Berlin was motivated by the huge numbers of East Germans who were fleeing the German Democratic Republic for the West— mostly through the open city of Berlin. In 1959, 144,000 left; in 1960, 200,000. Between 1949 and 1961 a total of 2.8 million—one-sixth of the population— crossed into the West. Jeremy Isaacs and Taylor Downing, Cold War: An Illustrated History, 1945–1991 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1998), 172, 170. 7. Khrushchev and Kennedy quoted in Dean Rusk, As I Saw It (New York: Norton, 1990), 221. In August 1963, after the signing of the Limited Test Ban Treaty, Rusk gives the following account of a private conversation with Khrushchev that Rusk claims “still chills my blood”: “Mr. Rusk,” said Khrushchev,“Konrad Adenauer has told me that Germany will not fight a nuclear war over Berlin. Charles de Gaulle has told me that 225 France will not fight a nuclear war over Berlin. Harold Macmillan has told me that England will not fight a nuclear war over Berlin.Why should I believe that you Americans would fight a nuclear war over Berlin?” That was quite a question, with Khrushchev staring at me with his little pig eyes. I couldn’t call Kennedy and ask,“What do I tell the son of a bitch now?” So I stared back at him and said,“Mr. Chairman, you will have to take into account the possibility that we Americans are just goddamn fools.”We glared at each other, unblinking, and then he changed the subject and gave me three gold watches to take home to my children. (227–28) 8.“Radio and Television Report to the American People on the Berlin Crisis,” 25 July 1961, in Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: John F. Kennedy, 1961 (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1962), 533–40. 9. See Gordon Wright, The Ordeal ofTotalWar, 1939–1945 (NewYork: Harper and Row, 1968), 263–64.Wright notes that “there are no accepted casualty figures” for either of the world wars, and that “civilian casualties are especially controversial.” 10. Quoted in Gerard Piel,“The Illusion of Civil Defense,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 17, no. 2 (February 1962): 5. 11. House Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, New Civil Defense Legislation, 85th Cong., 1st. sess., 1957, 266. 12. Arnold quoted in Gregg Herken, The Winning Weapon:The Atomic Bomb in the ColdWar, 1945–1950 (NewYork: Knopf, 1980), 211–12. 13. C.Vann Woodward,“The Age of Reinterpretation,” American Historical Review 66 (October 1960): 2. 14. Eugene P.Wigner,“Nuclear War and Civil Defense,” in Who Speaks for Civil Defense? ed. Eugene P.Wigner (NewYork: Scribner’s, 1968), 26. 15.“If H-Bomb Comes—WhatYou Can Do about It” (interview withVal Peterson ), U.S. News andWorld Report, 8 April 1955, 126. 16. Howard Simons,“Backyard Front Lines,” Science News Letter, 16 April 1955, 250. Nelson Rockefeller emphasized in 1958 that “no longer do we have a chance in this country to do what we have done in previous wars, which is to mobilize after war starts somewhere else. In an all out war, the war is going to start here. It’s going to start on this country and we are going to fight with what we have in being.”“Nelson A. Rockefeller, January 12, 1958,” in Face the Nation, 1958:The CollectedTranscripts from the CBS Radio andTelevision Broadcasts (NewYork: Holt Information Systems, 1972), 14. 17. House Subcommittee No. 3 of the Committee on Armed Services, Civil Defense—Fallout Shelter Program, pt. 1, 88th Cong., 1st. sess., 1963, 3129. 18.“WhatYou Should Know about Fallout,” Successful Farming, January 1962, 36. 19. W. F. Byrne and M. C. Bell, Livestock, Fallout and a Plan for Survival (Oakridge,TN: Agricultural Extension Service, University of Tennessee, 1973), 4, 1. Collection of the FEMA Library,Washington, D.C. 20. Richard Rutter,“Ways to Survive Nuclear Strike,” NewYork Times, 1 OctoNotes to the Introduction 226 [18.222.117.109] Project MUSE (2024-04-25 05:47...