Race, Ethnicity, and Policing: New and Essential Readings

Introduction

n e w y o r k u n i v e r s i t y p r e s s New York and London www.nyupress.org© 2010 by New York University All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Race, ethnicity, and policing : new and essential readings / edited by Stephen K. Rice and Michael D. White. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8147-7615-5 (cl : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8147-7615-9 (cl : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-8147-7616-2 (pb : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8147-7616-7 (pb : alk. paper) 1. Racial profiling in law enforcement. 2. Police—Attitudes. 3. Crime and race. I. Rice, Stephen K. II. White, Michael D. (Michael Douglas), 1951– HV7936.R3R29 2010 363.2'3089—dc22 2009039286 New York University Press books are printed on acid-free paper, and their binding materials are chosen for strength and durability. We strive to use environmentally responsible suppliers and materials to the greatest extent possible in publishing our books. Manufactured in the United States of America c 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 p 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 v Contents Introduction 1 Robin S. Engel Overview 7 Stephen K. Rice and Michael D. White Part I The Context Introduction to Part I 11 Stephen K. Rice 1 A Sketch of the Policeman’s Working Personality 15 Jerome H. Skolnick 2 Driving While Black: A Statistician Proves That Prejudice Still Rules the Road 32 John Lamberth 3 The Stories, the Statistics, and the Law: Why “Driving While Black” Matters 36 David A. Harris 4 Legitimacy and Cooperation: Why Do People Help the Police Fight Crime in Their Communities? 84 Tom R. Tyler and Jeffrey A. Fagan 5 Race and Policing in Different Ecological Contexts 118 Ronald Weitzer 6 Racially Biased Policing: A Review of the Judicial and Legislative Literature 140 Delores Jones-Brown and Brian A. Maule Part II The Methods Introduction to Part II 177 Michael D. White 7 Methods for Assessing Racially Biased Policing 180 Greg Ridgeway and John MacDonald vi Contents 8 Using Geographic Information Systems to Study Race, Crime, and Policing 205 Matt R. Nobles 9 Beyond Stop Rates: Using Qualitative Methods to Examine Racially Biased Policing 221 Rod K. Brunson 10 State of the Science in Racial Profiling Research: Substantive and Methodological Considerations 239 Meaghan Paulhamus, Robert J. Kane, and Alex R. Piquero Part III The Research Introduction to Part III 261 Michael D. White 11 Driving While Black: Bias Processes and Racial Disparity in Police Stops 264 Patricia Warren, Donald Tomaskovic-Devey, William R. Smith, Matthew Zingraff, and Marcinda Mason 12 Citizens’ Demeanor, Race, and Traffic Stops 287 Robin S. Engel, Charles F. Klahm IV, and Rob Tillyer 13 Street Stops and Broken Windows Revisited: The Demography and Logic of Proactive Policing in a Safe and Changing City 309 Jeffrey A. Fagan, Amanda Geller, Garth Davies, and Valerie West 14 Community Characteristics and Police Search Rates: Accounting for the Ethnic Diversity of Urban Areas in the Study of Black, White, and Hispanic Searches 349 Karen F. Parker, Erin C. Lane, and Geoffrey P. Alpert 15 Blind Justice: Police Shootings in Memphis 368 James J. Fyfe 16 Race, Bias, and Police Use of the TASER: Exploring the Available Evidence 382 Michael D. White and Jessica Saunders Part IV The Future Introduction to Part IV 407 Stephen K. Rice 17 Space, Place, and Immigration: New Directions for Research on Police Stops 411 Brian J. Stults, Karen F. Parker, and Erin C. Lane Contents vii 18 Revisiting the Role of Latinos and Immigrants in Police Research 435 Ramiro Martínez Jr. 19 New Avenues for Profiling and Bias Research: The Question of Muslim Americans 450 Stephen K. Rice and William S. Parkin 20 Preventing Racially Biased Policing through Internal and External Controls: The Comprehensive Accountability Package 468 Michael D. White 21 Democratic Policing: How Would We Know It If We Saw It? 489 Matthew J. Hickman 22 Moving Beyond Profiling: The Virtues of Randomization 505 Bernard E. Harcourt About the Contributors 525 Index 529 This page intentionally left blank 1 Introduction Robin S. Engel I was a brand-new assistant professor at the Pennsylvania State University (PSU) in the fall of 1998. Sometime during those first...