Leaving Prostitution: Getting Out and Staying Out of Sex Work

Notes

>> 183 Notes Notes to Chapter 1 1. The terms “client,” “customer,” “trick,” and “john” are all used interchangeably throughout this book, and all refer to male consumers of sex acts. Female sex workers typically cite the latter two terms. 2. Some scholars take umbrage at the use of the term “prostitute” because they feel it connotes a negative, stigmatized social position for these individuals. Instead, they use “sex worker,” a more neutral term. I deliberately chose to use “prostitute ” throughout this book, although at times I also use “sex worker” to refer to this population. When I use “prostitute” my intention is not to label or further stigmatize these women, but because I feel that “sex worker” encompasses a vastly diverse group of individuals including strippers, escorts, phone sex workers, porn actresses, and street prostitutes. My findings and analyses are specific to female street prostitutes; therefore, I am unable to generalize to other categories of sex workers and do not want to use language that glosses over their differences. 3. While these studies are still sparse, a handful of academics have begun to examine male and transgendered sex workers (see Aggleton 1999, Kaye 2003, and West 1993). 4. Delacoste and Alexander (1998). 5. Rosen and Venkatesh (2008). 6. Porter and Bonilla (2010), Raphael and Shapiro (2002), and Weitzer (1999). 7. Bourgois and Dunlap (1993), Miller (1995), and Pearl (1987). 8. Alexander (1987). 9. Alexander (1987), Arnold et al. (2000), Dalla (2000), Epele (2001), Forbes (1993), and Porter and Bonilla (2010). 10. US Department of Justice (2001). 11. For a comprehensive review of this debate, see Barton (2006) and Chapkis (1997). 12. Bernstein (2007), Dewey (2010), Sanders (2005), and Weitzer (2010). 13. Dalla (2000). 14. Dalla (2006), Månsson and Hedin (1999), and Sanders (2007). 15. Dalla (2006), Davis (2000), Murphy and Venkatesh (2006), and Weitzer (2000). 16. Baker, Dalla, and Williamson (2010, 579). 17. Månsson and Hedin (1999). 184 > 185 2. For instance, see O’Connell Davidson (2005). 3. To read more about methodological concerns present within social science research on sex trafficking, see recent articles by Gozdziak (2012), Weitzer (2011), and Zhang (2009). 4. See Chin and Finckenauer (2012), Gozdziak (2012), and Mai (2011). 5. Chin and Finckenauer (2012, 235). 6. Certain scholars argue that all prostitution is involuntary, regardless of personal motivations or even when women claim to derive satisfaction from their performance , given that they are immersed within a patriarchal culture that exploits women and their sexuality (see Barry 1979, and Farley 2004). 7. JenniferCobbinaandIadvanceasimilarargumentinanarticlepublishedinSociologicalInquiry (2011).However,inthatarticle,theanalysisisbasedondatacollectedfrom femaleprisonerswhoworkedasprostitutes(notaffiliatedwithPSOs)andprostitutesimmersedwithinPSOs .Unlikethearticle,thediscussioninthisbookpresents entrancepathwaysasastageintheoveralldeviantcareer,anddrawsexplicitconnectionsbetweenentrancetypes ,experiencesinprostitution,andinitialexitsintoPSOs. 8. Brock (1998), Brody et al. (2005), Davis (2000), Hwang and Bedford (2003), Kramer and Berg (2003), Miller (1993), Raphael and Shapiro (2002), Rosen and Venkatesh (2008), and Simons and Whitbeck (1991). 9. Kramer and Berg (2003), and Miller (1986). 10. Davis (1971). 11. There is disagreement over the use of this term and its relationship to differential association theory (Sutherland 1939). While some argue the latter is actually a cultural deviance theory (Costello 1997), others point out this is a flawed misinterpretation of the theory (see Matsueda 1997). 12. Raphael and Shapiro (2002). 13. Brock (1998), Delacoste and Alexander (1998). 14. Rosen and Venkatesh (2008). 15. Epele (2001), and Porter and Bonilla (2010). 16. Gossop, Powes, Griffiths, and Strang (1994). 17. Cusick and Hickman (2005), Davis (2000). 18. Kramer and Berg (2003). 19. Laub and Sampson (2003), and Moffitt (1993). 20. Altogether, I excluded seven women from this chapter’s analysis because I did not have sufficient information pertaining to their entry and time spent in the trade to categorize them. 21. Hayley and Gabriela partly fit into the first typology; however, they entered prostitution as adults rather than as adolescents. Although Jamilah entered prostitution as an adult and admits to having experimented with drugs recreationally when she was younger, she did not engage in prostitution to sustain a drug habit or to survive while on the streets. 22. Maher (1997), Inciardi et al. (1993), and Goldstein et al. (1992). 186 > 187 6. To learn more about these strategies, refer to Oselin and Blasyak (2013). 7. Lofland and Stark (1965). 8. Månsson and Hedin (1999). 9. Sampson and Laub (1993). 10. Giordano, Deines, and Cernkovich (2006). 11. See Fernandez and Gould (1994). 12. Sociologist Helen Rose Ebaugh (1988) also stressed the importance of bridge parties to exiting roles generally, yet she focused primarily on the quantity and quality of the bridges as they related to happiness...