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| 301 activism: anti-trafficking, 221; and the arts, 197, 226–227, 234; becoming an activist, 230–232; domestic violence, 221–226; domestic workers, 219 – 221; feminist activism, 13, 163, 210; history of women activists, 208, 210; in home country, 54, 198, 211; labor unions, 210, 214–218; political activism, 54; immigrant rights activism, 152, 207–208, 211–214, 227–230 African Americans: attitudes towards immigrants, 229; black-empowerment, 156; comparison with immigrant history, 30; heritage, 143–144; and immigration policy, 30, 31; numbers, 26; women, 8, 42, 107–108 Agana, Femi, 159–174, 161 agency: as activists, 230–232; construction of self, 241; contexts of exit, 23, 30, 63, 78; culture and symbols, 200, 226, 245; derided by male partners, 223; elasticity, 152; family reunification, 50, 57; and globalization, 251; and intersectionality theory, 9; irregular status, 100–101; multidimensionality of, 10, 243; and refugee/ asylum claims, 73; resistance, 210; smuggling , 81, 83; structure-agency dance, 9, 149, 248; surmounting obstacles, 75; trafficking, 89; and voice in research, 11–12; women as lead pioneers, 6 “anchor baby,” 6 Anderson, Benedict, 7. See also Imagined Communities Anica: arrival in the U.S., 47, 244; escape from Romania, 53–54, 74 Appadurai, Arjun, 23 Armstrong, Esther, 138–139, 142, 143–144 arts, 177–203; and activism, 189–191, 197–200, 207, 226–227; careers in, 168; context of exit, 181; entertainment arts, 96; memory and vision, 185; sociology of the arts, 276n6; suppression of, 165 assimilation, 246–248, 253 asylum: gender-based, 71–73, 252; political, 211–212; seekers, deportation of, 95; seekers, detention of, 91, 93, 94, 201–211; seeking, 61–62, 79, 80, 92, 180 Bastien, Marleine, 211–214; changing perceptions of Haitian culture, 232; Fanm Ayisen Nan Miyami (FANM), 207, 213–214; picture of, 209; poetry, 207–208, 245 Beatriz, 56 Becker, Howard, 11 Bemis, Polly, 19–20, 30, 193 Betty: artwork, 200; changing status, 50, 58; decision to immigrate, 48; education, 165, 166; engineering, 165, 174; reaction to U.S., 189 Birds of Passage, 5 Blackstone, William, 19, 20 Bourdieu, Pierre, 10, 139, 154 Bracero Program, 35 Bush, George W., 72, 91, 96 Cable Act, 25 Celia, 53, 55, 57 Chan, Angela: becoming an entrepreneur, 136–137, 138; business success, 155, 251; philanthropy, 156 Index 302 | Index Charmaz, Kathy, 11 Chaudhary, Rubina: becoming an entrepreneur, 138, 140; business success, 155; religion, 144; MARRS Services, 146–147; philanthropy, 156; reaction to sexism, 150 children: immigrant, 12, 35, 181; of immigrants, native-born, 24, 26, 187; left in home country, 22, 59, 60; living arrangements; 42 Chinese exclusion laws, 25 Chinh, Kieu, 83, 235; acting career in U.S., 188; acting career in Vietnam, 180, 183; philanthropy, 197–198 citizenship: on the census, 28; critical extracitizenship, 234; and family reunification , 64, 69; gender and naturalization laws, 23–25; path to, 100; survelliance of citizens, 99; workshops, 229 civil rights movement. See social movements Clough, Patricia, 11 Cold War, 21, 212, 244 Collins, Patricia Hill, 7, 8 colonialism, 12, 21, 191 contexts of exit, 50, 134; and domestic violence, 154; forced vs. voluntary immigration , 20; influence on settlement, 20; Iranian Revolution, 181; nation-state policy, 22; and social structures, 254 contexts of reception, 20, 27, 43, 62, 254 coverture, 24, 25, 99, 252 Crenshaw, Kimberlé, 8, 285 culture, 177–203; aesthetic, 180; acculturation into, 19, 226; of activism, 217, 254; and agency, 200; American, 74, 242, 244, 246, 251, 253–254; Asian, 199; assimilation into, 170, 232, 246; of circular migration, 81; as commodity, 89; of context of reception, 21, 43; of coverture, 99; Cuban, 197; cultural change, 234; ethnic, 142, 188, 193, 247, 248; Filipino, 248; fusions, 196; of gender rights and expectations, 21, 43, 51, 183, 244, 246; Haitian, 213; heterogeneity , 12, 248; Indian, 242; labor union, 217; legal, 99; political, 179; public, 7, 90–93, 133, 234, 235; religious, 19; of securitization, 90–93, 239, 256; social class, 248; socialization, 10; subculture, 247; Taiwanese, 194; values, 89, 234, 246; Vietnamese, 183, 187; women as carriers, 178; workplace, 170, 171 Dama: academia, 160, 167; affinity for the U.S., 242; being outside boundaries, 74, 175; changing status, 57; decision to become an engineer, 160, 164–165; efforts to bring more women into the field, 169, 174; experiences with sexism, 167, 173; family reunification, 69; as a gender pioneer, 162, 163; graduate school, 52, 160, 164–166 Davies, Denise, 138, 149, 153 Deborah, 53, 55, 56 decolonization, 21 demographics, 37–43, 237 Demos, Vasilikie, 5 Department of Homeland Security: creation of...

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