The New American Zionism

Notes

>> 173 Notes Notes to the Introduction 1. Rabbi Leonard Gordon, personal communication with the author, November 29, 2012, emphasis in the original. 2. Jennifer M. Brinkerhoff, Digital Diasporas: Identity and Transnational Engagement (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012); Yossi Shain, Kinship and Diasporas in International Affairs (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007); Kathleen Newland, Voice after Exit: Diaspora Advocacy (Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute, 2010). 3. Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton-Blanc, Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments and Deterritorialized NationStates (Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach, 1994); Peggy Levitt, Transnational Villagers (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001); Milton J. Esman, Diasporas in the Contemporary World (Malden, MA: Polity, 2009). 4. Newland, Voice after Exit; Yossi Shain, Marketing the American Creed Abroad: Diasporas in the U.S. and Their Homelands (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Gabriel Sheffer, Diaspora Politics: At Home Abroad (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003). 5. Judith Brown, Global South Asians: Introducing the Modern Diaspora (Cambridge , UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006); Davesh Kapur, Diaspora, Development and Democracy: The Domestic Impact of International Migration from India (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010). 6. Jacob M. Landau, “Diaspora Nationalism: The Turkish Case,” in The Call of the Homeland: Diaspora Nationalisms, Past and Present, ed. Allon Gal, Athena S. Leoussi, and Anthony D. Smith (Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2010); Newland, Voice after Exit. 7. British organizations created on the basis of subnational ethnic identities include Young Ibgos, the Oboziobodo Club, the Edo Association, the Oodua People’s Congress, Bakassi Boys, Niger Delta People’s Volunteer Force, and the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra. See Ben Lampert , “Diaspora and Development? Nigerian Organizations in London and the Transnational Politics of Belonging,” Global Networks 9, no. 2 (2009). 8. Robin Cohen, Global Diasporas (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997); William Safran, “Jewish Diaspora in Comparative and Theoretical Perspective,” Israel Studies 10 (2005); Stephane Dufoix, Diasporas (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003). 174 > 175 22. On the concept of field, see Pierre Bourdieu, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984). Notes to Chapter 1 1. Quoted in Edward Tivnan, The Lobby: Jewish Political Power and American Foreign Policy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987), 258–59. 2. Zvi Ganin, An Uneasy Relationship: American Jewish Leadership and Israel, 1948–1957 (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2005), 3–25. 3. Naomi W. Cohen, The Americanization of Zionism, 1897–1948 (Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press/University Press of New England, 2003). 4. Beginning in Boston in 1895, American Jewish communities established confederations of local Jewish human services agencies and welfare funds to coordinate fundraising; by the 1930s, Jewish federations were active in most Jewish population centers. 5. The umbrella organization was called the Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds. Marc Lee Raphael, A History of the United Jewish Appeal 1939–1982 (Providence, RI: Scholars Press, 1982), 13. 6. Ibid., 6–7. 7. Ibid., 17. 8. Business divisions included “industry and trade,” “real estate,” “publishers and news dealers,” and “women’s apparel.” Divisions were further subdivided. Women’s apparel, for example, included “department stores, dry goods, furs, millinery, retail stores, women’s wear, coats and belts, contractors, dresses, garment salesmen, sportswear, trimmings, and wholesale dresses.” Ibid., 24, 40. 9. Melvin I. Urofsky, American Zionism from Herzl to the Holocaust (Garden City, NY: Anchor Press, 1975), 125. 10. Melvin I. Urofsky, We Are One! American Jewry and Israel (Garden City, NY: Anchor Press, 1978), 33.Three years later, the membership rolls would reach nearly one million, approximately one-fifth of the U.S. Jewish population. 11. On the AJC’s ambivalent support for the Jewish state after 1947, see Ganin, Uneasy Relationship, 5. On the American Council for Judaism’s anti-Zionist campaign, see ibid., 11–16. 12. Tivnan, The Lobby, 24. 13. Urofsky, We Are One!, 97, 279. See also Mitchell Geoffrey Bard, The Water’s Edge and Beyond: Defining the Limits to Domestic Influence on United States Middle East Policy (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1991), 129–55. 14. Ganin, Uneasy Relationship, 58. 15. Tivnan, The Lobby, 31; Raphael, History of the United Jewish Appeal, 37. 16. Tivnan, The Lobby, 34. 17. J. J. Goldberg, Jewish Power: Inside the American Jewish Establishment (New York: Addison-Wesley, 1996), 153. 18. Urofsky, We Are One!, 302. 19. Estimated from Raphael, History of the United Jewish Appeal, 142–43. 176 > 177 45. According to one estimate, Jews were responsible for 30 to 50 percent of the...