The Innocence Commission: Preventing Wrongful Convictions and Restoring the Criminal Justice System

Notes

Notes n o t e s to t h e ac k n ow l e d g m e n t s 1. Jon B. Gould, “Florida Moves North: Electoral Reform in Virginia Post2000 ,” a Century Foundation Report (New York: Century Foundation, 2002). Available online at http://www.tcf.org/Publications/ElectionReform/va-gould.pdf (last accessed January 22, 2007). 2. Jon B. Gould, “It’s Not Just for Law School Anymore: Clinical Education on the Death Penalty for Undergraduates,” 53 Journal of Legal Education (2003): 615–634. 3. Jon B. Gould, “After Further Review: A New Wave of Innocence Commissions ,” 88 Judicature (2004): 126–131. n o t e s to t h e i n t ro du c t i o n 1. See http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch.aspx?id=in_justice (last accessed November 2, 2006). 2. Ibid. 3. Tom Shales, “With ‘In Justice,’ ABC Is Guilty of Petty Theft,” Washington Post, December 31, 2005, C1. 4. See theFutoncritic.com. 5. Samuel R. Gross, Kristen Jacoby, Daniel J. Matheson, Nicholas Montgomery , and Sujata Patil, “Exonerations in the United States 1989 through 2003,” 95 Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (2005): 523–560. 6. Thomas P. Sullivan. “Repair or Repeal: The Report of the Illinois Governor ’s Commission on Capital Punishment,” Champion 26 (2002): 10. 7. Steve Weinberg, “A Short History of Exposing Misconduct,” Center for Public Integrity. Available online at http://www.publicintegrity.org/pm/default .aspx?act=sidebarsb&aid=37 (last accessed June 13, 2006). 8. Thomas P. Sullivan, “Preventing Wrongful Convictions—A Current Report from Illinois,” 52 Drake Law Review (2004): 606. 9. Joshua Marquis, “The Myth of Innocence,” 95 Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (2005): 501–521. 10. Margaret Edds, An Expendable Man: The Near-Execution of Earl Washington, Jr. (New York: New York University Press, 2003). 305 11. Editorial, “Delayed Justice for Earl Washington,” Virginian-Pilot, May 10, 2006, B8. 12. At the time of this book’s publication, that judgment was under appeal. 13. Barry C. Scheck and Peter J. Neufeld, “Toward the Formation of ‘Innocence Commissions,’” 86 Judicature (2002): 98–105. 14. Arizona, Connecticut, Indiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Nevada, and Pennsylvania. 15. Innocence Commission for Virginia, A Vision for Justice: Report and Recommendations Regarding Wrongful Convictions in Virginia (2005), xvii. Available online at http://www.icva.us (last accessed December 1, 2006). 16. According to a report by the New Jersey Supreme Court Special Committee on the Recordation of Custodial Interrogations, installing a covert audiovisual recording system in an interrogation room costs between $1,500 and $7,000. Available online at http://www.judiciary.state.nj.us/notices/reports/cook report.pdf (last accessed December 7, 2006). As with all electronic devices, these costs are likely to fall as the prices for the component parts drop. 17. Thomas P. Sullivan, “Electronic Recording of Custodial Interrogations: Everybody Wins,” 95 Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (2005): 1128. 18. Sharon Prather, “Lights, Camera, Confession,” St. Paul Pioneer Press, July 17, 2006. Available online at http://www.nacdl.org/sl_docs.nsf/freeform/ mandatory:018 (last accessed November 30, 2006). 19. Sullivan, “Electronic Recording of Custodial Interrogations,” 1128. notes to chapter 1 1. Richard A. Leo, “Rethinking the Study of Miscarriages of Justice: Developing a Criminology of Wrongful Conviction,” 21 Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice (2005): 202. Available online at http://www.deathpenaltyinfo .org/article.php?did=209&scid=23 (last accessed June 21, 2006). 2. Bruce P. Smith, “The History of Wrongful Execution,” 56 Hastings Law Journal (2005): 1188–1189. 3. Ibid., 1189. 4. Steve Weinberg, “A Short History of Exposing Misconduct,” Center for Public Integrity. Available online at http://www.publicintegrity.org/pm/default .aspx?act=sidebarsb&aid=37 (last accessed June 13, 2006). 5. Smith, “The History of Wrongful Execution,” 1216. 6. Leo, “Rethinking the Study of Miscarriages of Justice,” 203. 7. Ibid. 8. Weinberg, “A Short History of Exposing Misconduct.” 9. Ibid. 10. Ibid. 306 | Notes to the Introduction 11. David Margolick, “25 Wrongly Executed in the U.S., Study Finds,” New York Times, November 14, 1985, A19. 12. Hugo Adam Bedau and Michael L. Radelet, “Miscarriages of Justice in Potentially Capital Cases,” 40 Stanford Law Review (1987): 21. 13. See http://www.afsc.org/pwork/0499/049906.htm (last accessed June 9, 2006). 14. Ibid. 15. Stephen J. Markman and Paul G. Cassell, “Protecting the Innocent: A Response to the Bedau–Radelet Study,” 41 Stanford Law Review (1988): 121. 16. Hugo Adam...