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299 ■ A B B R E V I AT I O N S AJA American Jewish Archives AJAJ American Jewish Archives Journal AJH American Jewish History AJHS American Jewish Historical Society AJHSQ American Jewish Historical Society Quarterly Asm Asmonean JM Jewish Messenger MBOT Minutes of the Board of Trustees (Shearith Israel) PAJHS Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society ■ N O T E S T O T H E F O R E W O R D 1. Milton Lehman, “Veterans Pour into New York to Find That Its Hospitality Far Exceeds Their Dreams,” New York Times, 8 July 1945, 51. 2. Ira Rosenwaike, Population History of New York City (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1972), 98, 101. 3. Robert A. M. Stern, Thomas Mellins, and David Fishman, New York 1960: Architecture and Urbanism between the Second World War and the Bicentennial (New York: Monacelli, 1995), 10, 13–19, 27–28. 4. Moses Rischin, The Promised City: New York’s Jews, 1870–1914 (1962; repr., Cambridge : Harvard University Press, 1977), 294. 5. “Levi Strauss,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_Strauss (accessed July 13, 2011). 6. Rischin, “Preface to the Paperback Edition,” in The Promised City, vii. 7. Ibid. “City of Ambition” refers to the 1910 photograph by Alfred Stieglitz taken approaching Lower Manhattan from New York Harbor. 8. In this and the following pages, the text draws on the three volumes of City of Promises: A History of the Jews of New York (New York: NYU Press, 2012). ■ N O T E S T O C H A P T E R 1 1. Edwin G. Burrows and Michael Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (New York, 1999), ch. 1; Reginald Bolton, Indians of Long Ago in the City of New York (New York, 1934). 2. On the expulsion of the Jews from Spain, see Salo W. Baron, A Social and Religious History of the Jews, 2nd rev. ed., 18 vols. (New York, 1952–1985), 10:167–219; Daniel M. Swetschinski, Reluctant Cosmopolitans: The Portuguese Jews of Seventeenth-Century Amsterdam (London, 2000), 54–56. N O T E S 300 ■ Notes to Chapter 1 3. Baron, Social and Religious History, vol. 10, ch. 44. 4. Ibid., vol. 10, ch. 45; Miriam Bodian, Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation: Conversos and Community in Early Modern Amsterdam (Bloomington, IN, 1997), 6–17; Jonathan Israel, European Jewry in the Age of Mercantilism, 1550–1750, 2nd ed. (Oxford, UK, 1989), ch. 1. 5. Swetschinski, Reluctant Cosmopolitans, 57–64; Bodian, Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation, 25–28; Eli Faber, A Time for Planting: The First Migration, 1654–1820 (Baltimore, 1992), 7. The merger of Spain and Portugal in 1580 allowed Portuguese conversos to settle in the Spanish American colonies, where they became an important factor in colonial trade. The movement of conversos to the Americas was increased by the Inquisition, which persecuted more than five thousand former Jews in the 1620s and 1630s as Marranos , or secret Jews. By the late sixteenth century, as many as six thousand Portuguese Jewish converts were in Spanish America. Until the nineteenth century, there were far more Jews in the Caribbean than on the North American mainland. Jewish expansion in the Americas is well covered in Paolo Bernardini and Norman Fiering, eds., The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450–1800 (New York, 2001). 6. The most definitive account of the birth of the republic is Jonathan Israel, The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477–1806 (Oxford, UK, 1995). 7. Ibid., chs. 11–15; Israel, European Jewry in the Age of Mercantilism, 2–3, ch. 2. Simon Schama, An Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age (New York, 1987); Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, 14–17. 8. Jonathan Israel, “The Jews of Dutch America,” in Bernardini and Fiering, The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 339; and James Homer Williams, “An Atlantic Perspective on the Jewish Struggle for Rights and Opportunities in Brazil, New Netherland and New York,” in ibid., 374–376; Swetschinski, Reluctant Cosmopolitans, 91–92, 115–130, 167–224; Bodian, Hebrews of the Portuguese Nations, chs. 2–5. 9. Swetschinski, Reluctant Cosmopolitans, 102–130; Israel, “The Jews in Dutch America ,” 335–339. Leo Hershkowitz, “By Chance or Choice: Jews in New Amsterdam 1654,” AJAJ 57 (2005): 5, 8, notes that Jews constituted 4 percent of major investors in 1656 and increased to 6.5 percent by 1656. 10. Swetschinski, Reluctant Cosmopolitans, 109...

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