Our Bodies, Our Crimes: The Policing of Women’s Reproduction in America

Index

299 abortion, 51–73, 112; access to, 52, 54–55, 60–69, 73–79; bans, 53, 69–72, 213n119, 213n120, 213–214n122, 214n125; cost of, 60–61, 66–67, 210n70; criminalization of, 12–14, 57–60, 65, 70–72, 193–194n11, 194n16, 212n101; counseling, 61–62, 211n84; demographics, 52, 62–63; as “elective” surgery, 66–69; exceptions , 13, 18, 20, 21–22, 51, 61, 70–72, 196–197n48, 213n119; fetal viability, 196n39; history of, 11–25, 195n30; Hyde Amendment, 18–20, 21–22; illegal abortions, 12–14, 57, 59–60; incarcerated women and girls, 51–52, 57, 65–69, 206n7; incidence of, 12, 52, 70, 79; late-term or “partial-birth,” 59, 69–72, 112, 209n55, 209–210n58, 213n119, 213n120, 213–214n122, 214n125; Medicaid funding for, 18–20, 61; minors, 62–65, 79, 211n89; myths, 62; opposition to, 13, 18, 52–53, 73, 79, 95, 101–102, 193–194n11, 206n7; parental notification, 62–65, 114–115, 211n89, 212n101, 212n102; race 17–18, 196n42; safety of, 14, 15, 52, 57–58, 60, 70–72; therapeutic and nontherapeutic, 13, 14–15, 68, 194n20; waiting periods, 61. See also abortion providers abortion providers, 12–15, 55–59, 62, 208n42, 214n125; Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances (FACE) Act, 56; harassment and prosecution of, 14, 57–59, 209n55, 209n57, 209–210n58, 217–218n26; isolation from mainstream medicine, 55; violence against, 56–57, 207–208n38, 208n39 adoption, 54, 87, 152. See also Adoption and Safe Families Act Adoption and Safe Families Act, 150–158; demonstrating rehabilitation , 156–158; goals, 152; reasonable efforts to reunify, 152, 154–155; termination of parental rights, 54, 139, 140–141, 148, 149–158, 221n78, 248n84, 248n87, 248n91, 248n93, 249n94; time limits, 153–154, 158 AIDS. See HIV/AIDS alcohol. See substance use American Civil Liberties Union, 45, 58, 70 Amnesty International, 126, 127 birth control. See contraceptives birth, labor and delivery, 83–84, 97, 115–116, 119, 128, 189, 194n13, 233n106, 238n56; cesarean section; 106, 115–116, 117, 233n108, 233n110; incidence, 49, 74, 79, 206n8; among incarcerated women, 119, 125–127. See also infant abandonment and neonaticide ; pregnancy black women, 2; abortion, 1, 17, 52, 194n18; access to reproductive rights, 17, 36, 191–192n5; devaluation and stereotyping of, 17, 18, 24, 36, 47, 49, 133, 142, 183, 184, 187; families, 142, 162, 247n80; health, 106, 120, 187; policing of, 109, 120–121, 143, 184, 235n16; reproductive activism, 17, 196n42; Index 300 Index black women (continued): sterilization and segregation of, 15, 16, 17, 35–37, 47, 204–205n96; substance use, 109, 143, 230n80; victimization of, 98, 243n21, 252–253n7. See also Hispanic women; white women; women of color Buck v. Bell, 35 Bush, George H. W., 19, 21 Bush, George W., 70, 99 caffeine. See substance use California, 34, 47, 58, 71, 98–99, 119–120, 125, 127, 133, 156, 168–169, 200n31, 201n36, 202n53, 234n3 cancer, 62, 120, 122, 124, 127–129, 133 child abduction, 164–165, 170–171, 172, 255–256n38; AMBER alerts 171, 256n39. See also family violence child abuse and neglect, 50, 130, 150, 155, 175,180; accusations of, 37, 41, 172–173, 177, 178, 256n45, 257n53; Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act, 114–115, 232n101; fatalities , 30, 37–38, 198n5l; incidence, 30, 140, 198n5, 215–216n4; prevention , 43–45, 46, 114–115, 175–176, 232n101; substance use and, 108–109, 114–115, 116, 140, 143, 153, 232n101, 233n11. See also child welfare; family violence; sexual abuse children: battered women and, 164–165, 170–181; concern for, 45–47, 175–176; custody of, 143–144, 149–151, 171–175, 244n37, 244n38, 247n30, 247–248n83; early childhood outcomes, 107–108; incarcerated mothers, 7, 144–163, 249n103; rearing of, 1–3, 11, 17–18, 30, 38, 139–163. See also child abuse and neglect; child welfare system/child protective services; family violence; motherhood and mothers child welfare system/child protective services, 40, 41, 47, 105, 150, 162, 184, 187, 232n99, 244n38; domestic violence and, 175–180; implications of custody arrangements, 150–151; race and, 46, 162; reporting substance use, 114–116; social workers and caseworkers ; 151, 154–155, 156, 248n85. See also child abuse and neglect; family court choice, 23, 101; limits of, 20–21, 73, 186, 191–192n5 cigarettes. See substance use citizenship. See social citizenship civil rights. See rights class: abortion and, 12, 14–16, 17–19, 59–61, 73, 196–197n48; crime, 142–143, 243–244n25; drug treatment and, 112; motherhood, 141–144, 243–244n25; poverty, 14, 16, 23, 30, 36–37, 42, 43–45, 46...