We Will Shoot Back: Armed Resistance in the Mississippi Freedom Movement

Title Page, Copyright, Dedication

We Will Shoot Back This page intentionally left blank We Will Shoot Back Armed Resistance in the Mississippi Freedom Movement Akinyele Omowale Umoja a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS New York and London NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS New York and London www.nyupress.org© 2013 by New York University All rights reserved References to Internet websites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the author nor New York University Press is responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Umoja, Akinyele Omowale. We will shoot back : armed resistance in the Mississippi Freedom Movement / Akinyele Omowale Umoja. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8147-2524-5 (cl : alk. paper) 1. Self-defense—Political aspects—Mississippi—History—20th century. 2. Mississippi Freedom Project. 3. African Americans—Civil rights—Mississippi—History—20th century. 4. African Americans—Suffrage—Mississippi—History—20th century. 5. Civil rights workers—Mississippi—History—20th century. 6. Civil rights movements—Mississippi— History—20th century. 7. Mississippi—Race relations—History—20th century. I. Title. E185.93.M6U46 2013 323.1196’0730762—dc23 2012046909 New York University Press books are printed on acid-free paper, and their binding materials are chosen for strength and durability. We strive to use environmentally responsible suppliers and materials to the greatest extent possible in publishing our books. Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 I salute my Ancestors and the Elders still living, who fought and died in Mississippi, throughout the United States, and throughout the western hemisphere to assert our humanity in the fight for liberation and social justice. Ase!!!! Free the Land!!! This page intentionally left blank ...