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305 abolition, 58, 60, 69, 120; abolitionist organizations, 65; abolitionists, 53, 55, 69; American Missionary Society , 65 affirmative action, 14, 20, 34, 170, 173, 181-182, 203, 216-218, 221 Ali, Muhammad: Nation of Islam Church, 3; Vietnam War, 3, 224n13 alternative dispute resolution, 209-210 ancestry, mixed race, 36, 41, 49, 88, 297n51; slave, 51 antidiscrimination laws, 12, 17-18, 30, 34, 66-67, 126, 138, 143-144, 188-189, 207-210, 215; authority of Congress to enact legislation under the Commerce Clause, 209; Civil Rights Act, 11, 67, 127, 167, 209, 214-215; Enforcement Act, 66, 68, 70; Fifteenth Amendment, 36, 64, 66-67, 74, 79, 170; Fourteenth Amendment, 36, 64, 66, 71, 73-74, 78-79, 88, 149, 207, 211, 214, 231n12; Ku Klux Klan Act, 67-68; Reconstruction Act, 66, 178; Reconstruction Amendments, 30, 41, 64, 71, 73, 78, 83; Thirteenth Amendment, 36, 63-64, 66, 215. See also civil rights movement Beverly Hills, California, 1, 4-6, 10, 23, 224n15; Beverly Hills High School, 8, 12, 224-225n19; Beverly Hills Hotel , 108 Black Codes, 63-64, 83, 159, 174 black excellence, 30, 85, 105, 107-108, 112, 114 black infantry: during the Civil War, 60; during World War II, 98 black inferiority, 17-18, 22, 28-30, 33, 35, 39-41, 50, 62, 66, 72, 75-76, 79, 81-83, 87, 97, 108, 115, 138-139, 143-144, 156, 158-159, 172-173, 175, 177-178, 181, 183, 196, 199, 202-203, 205, 211, 226n34; Judge St. George Tucker’s opinion in Hudgins v. Wright, 51-53 black separation, 83, 85, 87-88, 94, 97, 100, 104, 108-109, 112, 114-115, 119, 121123 , 131, 134-138, 141, 143, 146-150, 158, 165, 177, 202-203, 205-207, 211, 215-216 black victimization, 63, 67, 83, 114-116, 138, 141, 150, 158, 160-161, 176-178, 183185 , 196, 202-203, 207, 211, 215 Blalock, Dr. Alfred, heart surgery at Johns Hopkins, 108-109, 115. See also Thomas, Vivien Bradley, Justice Joseph, 78-79 Brennan, Justice William, 201, 211 Breyer, Justice Stephen, 150 Brown University, 9-11 Bullard, Eugene, 98-99; volunteered for the Eagle Squadron in the French Air Force, 98 Cambridge University, 1, 12, 23; Cambridge University Basketball Club, 12 Cameron, James, 112-114 citizenship, 45, 55, 58, 64, 67, 85, 172 Index 306 Index civil rights movement, 9, 18, 26, 29, 34, 97, 125, 127, 170, 202; Birmingham, Alabama, 125-126; ; bus boycott, 125; civil rights leaders, 114, 135, 176; civil rights organizations, 125, 131; Freedom Rides, 125-126. See also antidiscrimination laws; King, Dr. Martin Luther, Jr. Civil War, 26, 31, 33-34, 36, 41, 49, 56-57, 60-61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 73, 76, 78, 80-81, 83, 100, 124, 135 Cleveland,Ohio:CaseWesternReserve University, 2; Cleveland Browns, 2; Lomond Elementary School, 3, 5; National Football League Championship , 2; Shaker Heights, 1-2; and Stokes, Carl, 3; University School, 3, 5 Clinton, Bill, 145, 171, 174 cocaine: convictions of Richard Thomas and Tim Carter in St. Petersburg, Florida, 158; crack, 157-158, 161, 212213 ; powder, 158, 161, 212-213 Cochran, Johnnie, 4, 225n25 Confederacy, 60-61, 63, 66-67, 72, 74, 76, 79-80, 90; and Davis, Jefferson, 66 Constitution, 33, 35-36, 40-41, 45, 50, 58-60, 71, 76-77, 85, 89, 91, 111, 120, 124-125, 170, 185, 194-195; constitutional challenge, 120; constitutional convention, 36, 47, 66, 77, 79-80, 91; constitutional protection, 58, 126, constitutional rights, 59, 71, 185 Cosby, Bill, 175-176, 181; The Cosby Show, 146 crime, 68-72, 93, 110, 157, 159-161, 191, 197-198, 208, 211; black-on-black crime, 29, 196-197; crime rate, 156; criminal convictions, 177-178; criminal penalty, 209-210; hate crime, 208 criminal justice system, 45, 84, 139, 141, 143, 146, 156-160, 164, 178; and Baldus , David, 160, 177; cradle-to-prison pipeline, 169, 170; criminal codes, 50; juvenile justice, 162, 170; parole, 157, 161-162, 191-192; plea bargaining, 160; probation, 157, 191-192; self-defense, 163-164; sentencing disparities, 110, 143, 157-162, 212-213; sentencing guidelines, 161, 212-213 Davis, John W., 13, 119; Davis Polk & Wardwell, 13-14 Deadwyler, Leonard, 6, 225n25 death penalty, 160, 163-164, 212 democrat, 69-70, 72-73, 79-80, 90, 171 desegregation, 39, 120, 122-132, 134, 136, 147-149, 151-152, 164, 219; desegregation mandate, 130-131, 135; and Black, Justice Hugo, 123; and Brown, Linda, 13; Brown v. Board of Education , 17...

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