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Yiddish names, words, and phrases have been transliterated according to the guidelines of the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. Words are transliterated exactly as they appear in the original text, except in those instances where a common spelling appears in English (“Asch,” for example, rather than the “Ash” of the original ). Hebrew words appearing in Yiddish are transliterated according to their Yiddish pronunciation. Foreign words are italicized the first time they appear in the main text. Foreign words in titles are not italicized in the notes except where they are italicized in the original. Note on Yiddish Transliteration 6 xv This page intentionally left blank ...

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