Different Shades of Green: African Literature, Environmental Justice, and Political Ecology

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index Abacha, Sani, 134–36, 171–72 Aberley, Doug, 95, 193n7 Achebe, Chinua, 5, 13, 17, 135, 151–70, 177, 182, 185–87, 196n6; essays of, 155–60 Africa: colonial representations of, 1–4, 14–23; globalization and, 1, 17, 25–26; as a place, 14–15, 26, 184–85, 189; postcolonial regional particularism and, 9, 14, 184; as wilderness, 2, 16–24, 28, 39–40, 154 African literature: anticolonialism and, 28–29, 37–38; ecocriticism and, 5, 8–9, 12–13; environmental, 4–5, 28–30, 34–35, 184–89; environmental justice and, 34–35; political ecology and, 33–35 African National Congress (ANC), 77 Agary, Kaine, 196n7 agriculture: cash crop, 42–44, 73; colonialism and, 11, 36, 50–51, 80–82; ­ development and, 88–91;­subsistence, 40–44 animism, 36, 43, 102, 139, 158, 160, 196n8 anticolonialism: African literature and, 28–29, 37–38; development and, 52–53, 105–11, 151–53, 168–81; environmentalism and, 73, 145–48; environmental writing and, 28–29, 33–34, 36–38; neocolonialism and, 49, 52, 142–52, 170–81 apartheid, 75, 77–78, 81, 86, 94, 114–15, 121, 129–30, 188; postapartheid South Africa, 76, 92–94, 98, 130–32, 188 Apter, Andrew, 133, 34 Arrow of God (Achebe), 5, 135, 151–70, 185, 187, 196n6 Amnesty International, 145 Australia, 110, 126, 192n19 Barnard, Rita, 121, 195n24 Beinart, William, 38, 191n2, 193n3 Bhabha, Homi, 161 Biersack, Aletta, 183–84 Biko, Steve, 187–88 biodiversity, 2–3, 24–25, 28, 40, 43–45, 51, 70, 88, 90, 102, 109 biopiracy, 102 bioregion. See bioregionalism bioregionalism, 84–86, 91–92, 102, 193n7; cosmopolitan, 95–97, 108–9; neocolonial, 91–92 Black Consciousness, 187–88 Blixen, Karen, 19–24, 28, 192n10, 192n11 Boro, Isaac Adaka, 174 Botswana, 85–91, 123, 193n13 Britain, 27, 86 Brown, Coreen, 91, 193n10 Buell, Lawrence, 12, 13, 15, 36, 95, 112, 113, 121, 191n4, 194n16 Bush Administration, 137 Caminero-Santangelo, Byron, 191n3 Caribbean, 8 Challenge for Africa, The (Maathai), 38, 44–45, 55 Chevron, 137, 142 Clinton White House, 2 colonialism: agriculture and, 11, 36, 50–51, 80–82; Christianity and, 159–60, 165–67; conservation and, 3, 11, 24, 50–51, 73, 75, 79–84, 86, 90, 92, 109–10, 188; development and, 2–5, 16, 21, 34, 50, 80–83, 151–55, 161–64, 210 index colonialism (continued) 166–68; gender and, 46–47; representations of Africa and, 1–4, 14–23; science and, 10–11, 50–51, 81–82 Conrad, Joseph, 2, 17–18, 22 conservation, 2–4, 7, 13, 20–21, 28–29, 33, 78, 99, 101, 109–32, 185–86; colonial , 3, 11, 24, 50–51, 73, 75, 79–84, 86, 90, 92, 109–10, 188; community, 24–25; fortress, 24–26; globalization and, 25–26; in South Africa, 75, 79–84, 111–32; wildlife, 4, 21, 24–26, 192n12. See also environmentalism Conservationist, The (Gordimer), 5, 112, 114–21, 122, 129, 132, 188 Cronon, William, 99 Crosby, Alfred W., 12, 99 Crossbones, 71–72 Cry, the Beloved Country (Paton), 5, 78–83, 92, 109, 185 Dark Star Safari (Theroux), 22–23 Dead Will Arise, The (Peires), 93, 193n15 deforestation, 4, 23, 43, 50–51, 59, 70 DeLoughrey, Elizabeth, 12, 13, 191n2 (chap. 1) Delta Blues and Home Songs (Ojaide), 5, 135, 170–72, 196n7 development: anticolonial, 52–53, 105–11, 151–53, 168–81; bioregionalism and, 84–86; colonial, 2–5, 16, 21, 34, 50, 80–83, 151–55, 161–64, 166–68; indigenous basis for, 44–45, 142–43, 151–53, 155–59, 168–69; (neo)colonial, 133–42, 151, 167, 171–81, 195; neoliberal , 30–31; oil and, 133–42; sustainable , 30, 76, 81, 85, 90–91, 95, 110, 128, 148; tourist, 94–95, 102, 104–5, 109 Dinesen, Isak. See Blixen, Karen ecocriticism, 7–15, 74, 96, 191n2, 191n4, 191n8, 194n22; postcolonial, 5, 8–15, 33 ecofeminism, 58–59, 69, 100 eco-Indigene, 38–39, 101–2, 147, 169 ecological imperialism, 12, 99–100, 106–7 ecological modernization, 30, 76, 92 ecology, 7, 10–11, 33, 38, 48, 84, 88, 99–100, 107, 109, 112, 117, 121–32 Egbesu Boys, 175–76 Eghagha, Hope, 196n7 Egya, Sule Emmanuel, 172 environmentalism: in Africa, 4–5, 26–27, 74; anticolonialism and, 73, 145–48; colonial representations of Africa and, 1–4, 20–24; conceptions of, 4, 7–8, 26–27, 29, 74–78, 111–12;­ indigenous basis for, 36, 43–45, 99– 102, 139, 147–48, 151, 158–60, 168–70...