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237 Index Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations. Abaeté, Viscount of, 152, 209n76, 211n92 abolitionism, abolitionists, 31, 32, 37, 94, 101, 113, 161, 170, 196n26; Andrew as, 33, 111–12; in Brazil, 150, 154, 155; Emancipation Proclamation and, 49; gradual, 106; Higginson as, 111; Lovejoy as, 198n44; movement for, 98, 121; Nabuco and, 152; opposed, 197n40; Port Royal Experiment and, 102–3; societies of, 126; white officers as, 123, 204n142 African Americans: camp deaths of, 123; casualties of, 202n115, 204n139; changing status of, 94, 95; as citizens, 112, 118, 164, 168; Congressional Medal of Honor and, 201n106, 202n116; controversy over enlistment of, 37–39; crossing Union lines, 198n55; draft of, 58; Dred Scott Decision and, 98; emancipation of, 195n8; federal control of, 171, 198n43, 198n47; fragmentation of, 121; impressment of, 117–18; military pay of, 204n150; population of, 203n132; public opinion of, 126; racism against, 184n44; recruitment of, 2, 23, 186n75, 186–87n81, 200n91, 202–3n123, 203n127; regiments of, 200n83, 200n85, 200–201nn91–92, 202n117, 203n134; rights of, 112; as soldiers, 104–6, 116, 121–23, 196n27, 197n35, 201n92, 202n108, 202n111, 202n119, 204n139, 204n145; as substitutes, 118–21, 202–3n123, 203n129, 203n131 agriculture: in Brazil, 5, 152, 165, 169; in Paraguay, 14; recruitment and, 44; slave labor in, 113, 152, 153, 161; war and, 165; women in, 13. See also names of crops Agrippa, Menenio, 71, 172 Alagoas province, 63, 73–74, 74, 77, 83–85 Alberdi, Juan Bautista, 143–144, 208n62 Alencar, José Martiniano de, 161, 172 Almeida, Felinto Henrique de, 61 American Civil War (1861–65), 5, 23–24, 58–59, 89, 165; casualty figures of, 1, 27; compared to Brazilian war, 4–5, 26–27, 70, 71, 90–91, 134, 139, 141, 176; civilians and, 2, 176; dynamics of, 39–45; political engineering of, 55; as reference for Brazil, 154, 160; shift in nature of, 28, 94–95, 107, 108; as total war, 171; as war for freedom, 49–50; as war for union, 37, 38–39, 51, 99 238 Index American Revolutionary War, 40, 97, 180n4 Anaconda Plan, 39 Andrew, Gov. John, of Massachusetts, 33, 111–12, 114, 118 Antietam, battle of, 49, 194n2 antimilitarism and anti-professionalism, 6, 7, 10–12 Araújo, Nabuco de, 67, 142, 148–49, 152, 154, 158, 209n76, 210n89 Argentina, 13–16, 21, 142–46, 180n21, 181n26, 191n29; as ally, 141; attacks on, 1, 18; black soldiers of, 155; in Triple Alliance War, 2, 12, 21, 70, 165, 209n71 Arkansas, 39, 119 Army of the Potomac, 40, 43, 49, 91 Asunción, Paraguay, 14, 18, 134, 141 Bahia province, 64, 133, 134, 139, 156, 196n20, 212n108 balance of power, 15, 26, 83, 180n13 Banks, Gen. Nathaniel P., 98, 103, 105, 198n53 barons, 62, 65, 161, 170, 189n5. See also bosses, local Bastos, José Tavares, 64 Battalions of Voluntários da Pátria, 64–65, 139 Beattie, Peter, 64, 190n15 Bellard, Alfred, 33 Belmont, August, 44 Benedict, Lt. Augustus, 123 Benedictine Order, 156 Berlin, Ira, 117 Bernstein, Iver, 53, 56–57, 189n116 Black Codes, 101 blacks in Brazil, 153, 207n37; impressed, 138; military service of, 93, 96, 132–33, 139, 172, 195n11, 206n19; in segregated units, 131; treatment of, 172, 195n12; in wars of independence, 155, 168 blacks in United States. See African Americans Blancos, 13, 17, 18, 16, 62, 69 Blinn Reber, Vera, 20 Bolívar, Simón, 133–34, 155 Bolivia, 181n26, 208n50 bonuses, 53, 54, 64. See also bounties, enlistment Border States, 30, 40, 39, 112; blacks recruited in, 110, 113, 119, 121; emancipation in, 170; Emancipation Proclamation and, 94, 107; free blacks in, 108; quotas in, 48, 185n57 bosses, local, 9, 15, 17, 44, 63, 68, 140, 189n5; claims of, 8; clients and, 11, 12, 78; decentralization and, 5; donation of slaves by, 148, 157; governors and, 35; Imperial bureaucracy vs., 62, 65– 67, 135–36, 169; National Guard and, 134, 166–67; provincial presidents and, 66, 79 boundary disputes, 15, 16–17, 20 bounties, enlistment, 23, 41, 47–48, 50, 114, 185n62, 187n86; black soldiers and, 119, 121, 196n27; community fund raising for, 47, 188n108; jumpers and brokers of, 53 Boxer, C. R., 131 Brazil, 1, 2, 5, 15, 26–27, 71, 130, 131, 169–70, 179n6; American Civil War as reference for, 154, 160; black soldiers in, 96, 172; coffee in, 67, 75, 76, 113, 128, 129; compared to United States, 126–27, 161–62; elections and politics in, 3, 94, 106, 148, 160, 172, 200n80, 212n112; emancipation in, 106, 147, 172; government in...