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Acknowledgments vii Introduction 1 1 “‘We the People’ Have No Political Existence”: The Rise and Fall of the Middling Interest in Boston, Massachusetts 15 2 “Let Us Unite Like One Man”: Organizing the Opposition to Slavery in Illinois 47 3 “Associate Yourselves throughout the Nation”: The Struggle to Shape Federal Tariff Policy in Pennsylvania and Virginia 73 4 “You Must Organize against Organization”: The Presidential Election of 1824 108 Conclusion 139 Appendixes U.S. Election Turnout, 1820–1825 149 Boston Election Results, 1820–1824 161 Notes 165 Bibliography 203 Index 229 contents ...

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