Independence without Freedom: Iran's Foreign Policy

Index

[ 365 ] index Abadan, 57, 65 Abbas I, Shah (the Great), 10, 161–62, 187–88, 194, 205 Abdullah, Prince of Saudi Arabia, 173 Abu Musa, islands of, 56, 155, 225 Achaemenid dynasty: foreign policy of, 185–86, 188, 189, 190; religion and state in, 337 Afghanistan: Iranian influence in, 88–89, 139, 208, 356–57; and security in the Persian Gulf, 220, 224; Soviet occupation of, 95, 98, 99, 103, 118, 128; U.S. foreign policy on, 216, 348, 349; as U.S.-Iranian interest, 193, 199, 209, 313, 350 agriculture: policies of, 13–14, 28, 61; production of, 15, 21, 39, 62. See also reforms: under the Shah Ahmad, Jalal Al-e, 124 Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, foreign policy of, 3, 200, 201, 205, 209 Ahriman, 133 Ahura Mazda, 133, 185, 355 airborne warning and control system, 87, 88, 96 Albright, Madeleine, 153, 169, 173, 175, 192, 341, 353 Alexander of Macedonia (the Great), 208, 337, 359 Algeria, 35, 43, 168, 230, 326, 331 Algiers Agreement (1975), 107, 293, 303n51, 303n55 alienation: of Arabs, from the United States, 153; of Gulf citizens, from society, 272–73, 280–81; of Gulf Shia, from Gulf monarchies, 254, 258; of Iranians, from the revolutionary regime, 46, 314, 345; of Iranians, from Shah Ismail, 338; of Iranians, from the Shah and United States, 3, 34, 37, 59–61, 63, 111–12, 123, 125, 129, 145, 162, 342; of the Shia, 275 Allied Powers, 1 Almond, Gabriel, 16–18, 20 al-Qaeda, 199, 209, 349 Amal Movement, 78, 95, 98, 105, 118 America. See United States American Embassy: in Beirut, 104; in Islamabad, 265; in Kuwait, 263; in Tehran, occupation of, 36, 43, 156; in Tehran, prior to the revolution, 63, 101; in Tehran, seizing of, 67, 72, 102, 108, 114–15, 117, 129, 130, 131, 278, 296, 307–10, 314, 335 (see also hostages, American: in Iran [1979]) American Overseas Consultants Incorporated (OCI), 61 Amini, Ali, 13 Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC), 2, 12, 18, 34, 340 anjumans, 27 Annan, Kofi, 200, 313 Ansar-e Hezbollah, 150, 344 Arabian Sea, 115, 310 Arab-Israeli conflict: Egyptian-Israeli peace efforts, 233, 329; peace process of, 153, 219; and the Persian Gulf, 219–20, 225, 227, 233; Shah’s policy on, 5, 319–33; War of 1967, 322–23, 330; War of 1973, 215, 220, 319 (see also October War) Arab Revolutionary Brigades Organization, 265 ‘Arafat, Yasir, 153, 331 Armenia, 169, 187, 265 army (Iranian): under Khomeini, 38, 85–86; under Reza Shah, 340; under the Shah, 13, 14, 24, 26, 54, 59, 329 Aron, Raymond, 86, 355 Ashura, 58, 253, 259 [ 366 ] Index Assad, Hafez al-, 97–98, 105 Assembly of Experts (Iran), 36, 40, 343 authoritarianism, 343, 355 authority: centralization of, 17–18, 22; consolidation of, 44–45, 153; by divine right, 355; establishing, 24; of the faqih, 134, 151, 242; of religious leaders, 157, 338; Shah’s problem of, 58–59, 67 AWACS, 87, 88, 96 “axis of evil,” 5, 193, 199, 313, 335, 347, 348 Azerbaijan: and Armenia, 169; and Iran, 116, 170; Party, 19; and Soviet influence, 1, 53, 54, 59, 129, 139; uprisings in, 41, 169, 181n44 ‘Azizi, Ahmad, 89 Ba‘athist regime: in Iraq, 85, 87, 97, 104, 106, 225, 248–51, 253, 275, 278–79; in Syria, 322 Baghdad, 24, 85, 96, 103, 104, 130, 251. See also Iraq Baghdad Pact, 21, 55, 218, 321, 322. See also CENTO (Central Treaty Organization) Bahrain: Iranian influence in, 268, 269; Iran’s claim to, 82, 107, 130; relations with Iran, 155, 224, 237; secular nationalism in, 273; Shia in, 4, 97, 240, 241, 255–60, 261, 274, 356; terrorism in, 88, 104, 118, 139, 265, 271, 279; and the United States, 168 Baker, James, III, 168 Baluchistan, 42, 98, 103, 220 Banisadr, Abulhassan: challenges to, 44, 72–74, 75–77, 90, 278, 310; foreign policy of, 115–17, 130–32; and Kurds, 37; and revolutionary reforms, 36, 38, 42; views of, 45, 46 Baradei, Mohamed El-, 202 Barzun, Jacques, 344 Basij, 85, 270 Batatu, Hanna, 249–50 bazaari forces, 35, 41, 63, 64, 272, 339 Bazargan, Mehdi: challenges to, 36, 43– 44, 71–74, 76, 114–15, 131, 278, 309–10; and foreign policy, 72, 101, 112–16, 129–30, 248, 251–52, 256, 310; and the hostage crisis, 36, 43, 67, 72, 74, 108, 130, 143, 310; as a revolutionary leader, 36, 58, 62, 64, 72, 117, 124, 131, 216 Begin, Menachem, 329, 333 Beheshti, Muhammad...