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abandoned lands, 71 abolitionism, 6, 10, 14, 16, 17, 22, 39, 61, 98, 115–17, 120–21, 126, 127, 239 Adams, John Quincy, 30 Africa, 14–15, 44, 45, 48, 51, 154, 155 African Americans: capabilities of, 65, 73–86, 87, 88–93, 111, 112, 116, 155, 190; in Confederate economy, 174; and Creoles of Mobile, 178; and danger of postwar exploitation, 65, 71, 75, 80, 85, 86, 87, 91, 93, 112, 116, 117, 139, 227, 234, 250; and desire for education , 77–78, 89; and desire for land, 88, 109; and desire for suffrage, 133, 229–30, 234; enter Union lines, 67, 72, 88, 159; and free labor in occupied South, 69–77, 84, 108; future status of, xv, xviii, 1–2, 4, 9, 29, 36–40, 42– 52, 57–62, 64, 106–7, 110–12, 113–14, 115–17, 120, 126, 127, 186, 191–92, 212– 13, 223–24, 226, 227, 228, 241, 244; inform Union troops, 161, 179, 180; as laborers for U.S. Army, 68–69; and migration from U.S., 36, 39, 43, 59–60; and religion, 78–79, 89, 90; and resettlement within U.S., 58–59, 68, 112; rights for, 91, 92, 93, 106, 108, 115–17, 120–21, 126, 139, 167, 228; role in writing history, 247; seen as threat to whites, 57, 59, 157–58; as soldiers, 65, 81–83, 98–99, 107, 111, 244; speak out for their rights, 229–30, 234; and territories, 16; urged by Lincoln to emigrate, 53–54; volunteer for Federal army, 33, 40, 67, 71–72, 80–81, 176, 179; wait for freedom, 159 African race: Lincoln’s views on, 23–24; views of its characteristics, 3, 6, 9, 12, 35, 37, 38–39, 41, 42–52, 58, 189, 244. See also racial prejudice; racism Africans, 44, 45, 244 Alabama, 158, 160, 176, 177, 184; secession of, 4 Albany Journal, 31 Albany Statesman, 32 Alcorn, James, 177 Allen, Henry, 184 Allen, Jeffrey Brooke, 148 Alton Telegraph, 56 American Bible Society, 79 American exceptionalism, xiii, 244, 249 American Freedmen’s Inquiry Commission , 70, 73, 85, 86, 87, 88–91, 93, 228, 239 Anderson, Marian, 244 Andrew, John, 68 Anglo-African, 30 Anglo-Saxons, 90 Antietam, battle of, 55 apprenticeship, 34, 49, 50, 60, 86, 87, 91, 96–97, 100–101; 102–3, 135–36, 138, 210, 222; in Illinois, 103–6 aristocracy, in Southern society, 10, 11 aristocratic values, 10–11 Arkansas, 6, 69, 113, 114, 139 Army of Northern Virginia, 193–94 Atkinson, Edward, 48 INDEX 294 Index Atlanta, Ga., 120, 134, 184, 243 Atlantic Monthly, 30, 43, 50, 56 Auburn, N.Y., 132, 133 Augusta, Ga., 12, 163, 208 Augusta Chronicle and Sentinel, 208–9 Bancroft, Frederic, 211 Banks, Nathaniel, 70, 81–82, 86, 99, 106, 107, 112, 116, 121 Baptists, 165, 169 Barksdale, Ethelbert, 192, 194, 195 Battery Wagner, 82 Beale, Howard K., 247 Bell, Philip, 40 Belz, Herman, 223, 248 Benjamin, Judah, 185, 190, 193, 196 Bennett, Lerone, Jr., 247 Benning, Henry L., 5 Black Codes, 186, 244 Blaine, James G., 96 Blair, Francis Preston, 26, 202, 203, 205, 217 Blair, Frank, 26, 37, 50–51, 235 Blair, Montgomery, 26, 36, 37, 50, 51– 52, 99, 128, 217, 233 Blair family, 235, 243 border states, 52–53, 54, 107 Boston, 50, 123 Boston Post, 32 Boutwell, George S., 230 Bowers, Claude, 247 Brace, Charles Loring, 45–46 Brazil, 48 Breckinridge, John C., 30 Bridgeport Farmer, 231 Brockenbrough family, 150 Brown, Albert G., 7, 151 Brown, B. Gratz, 38, 112 Brown, John, 8, 17, 18 Brown, Joseph E., 188–89 Brown, Orlando, 75, 78 Browning, Orville, 202 Bryant, Julian E., 76 Buchanan, James, 24, 39, 248 Bull Run, 31, 175 Bureau of Free Labor, 93 Burge, Dolly, 150 Butler, Benjamin, 30, 68, 69, 73–74, 80, 86, 223, 229 Cable, George Washington, 244 Cairo, Ill., 68 Calhoun, John C., 7, 149 California, 7 Cameron, Paul Carrington, 156 Cameron, Simon, 33–34, 107 Campbell, John A., 203; at Hampton Roads Conference, 204–8; in Richmond , after conference, 211–14 Canada, 129 Cartwright, Samuel, 152 Carwardine, Richard, 241 Central America, 51, 52, 58, 59, 60 Chambers, H. C., 187, 188 Charleston, S.C., 82, 169, 235 Charleston Daily Courier, 169 Charleston Mercury, 188, 189, 190 Charlotte Democrat, 185 Chase, Salmon, 71, 76, 85, 120–21 Cheever, Reverend George B., 115 Chesnut, Mary Boykin, 134, 150, 151, 155, 156–57, 158, 162–63, 184 Chicago, 233, 235 Chicago Tribune, 34, 38, 56, 58, 62, 72, 82...

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