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249 Index AIDS, 38, 90, 130–131, 144, 178, 242n6 Anderson, Elijah: defines “old head,” 241n30; defines urban spaces as cosmopolitan canopies, 19; describes code of the street, 33, 76, 235n10, 243n8; describes problems with reentry, 218; mentioned, xii–xiii black male unemployment, 21–22, 103, 180, 203, 216, 218–219 cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), 49, 89, 215. See also criminal thinking errors Comprehensive Communities Program (Boston), 30 Cooley, Charles Horton, 182 criminal personality theory: assumes that cognitive distortions set offenders apart from society, 46; assumes that people choose crime, 13; empirical status of, 44; linked to black urban identity at Mountain Ridge, 50, 75; and predictions of failure, 54, 66. See also criminal thinking errors; interventions; Mountain Ridge program; Mountain Ridge staff criminal pride, 46, 59–60, 68, 72 criminal thinking errors: failure of theory of, 47–48, 223; Mountain Ridge program attempts to replace with prosocial thoughts, 3, 46–49, 86; Mountain Ridge staff associate with street code behaviors, 106; and predictions of failure, 48; study participants assess, 58–61, 76, 170– 171, 193, 212; theory described, 1; theory presumes that criminality is fixed in childhood, 13, 48, 85. See also criminal pride; failure to endure adversity; victim stance Department of Human Services. See Philadelphia Department of Human Services desistance talk, 90–92 deterrence: masculine identity and, 16–17, 163, 189; prison and, 100; study participants accept aspects of theory of, 85–87, 186, 188; theory of defined, 48, 86; weakens after reentry, 108, 115, 216 Division of Juvenile Justice Services. See Philadelphia Department of Human Services; Philadelphia juvenile justice system doing good: as a public performance, 171, 191, 204–205; study participants define as survival, 17, 204– 205, 213; study participants do not meet requirements of, 246n2 domestic violence: against parents of study participants, 129–130; against partners, 100, 148–149, 156–157, 159–160; between siblings, 135 250 Index drug addiction: of parents of study participants, 14, 40, 77, 90, 130–131, 183; in Philadelphia neighborhoods, 35; of study participants, 36, 234n9 drug selling: after reentry, 14, 16, 44, 71, 81, 96, 98–100, 114–116, 123– 125, 154–157, 161, 214–215, 229– 231; and avoiding arrest, 150, 161, 186, 188, 216, 229; before detention at Mountain Ridge, 14, 36–37, 40, 65, 87, 123, 131–132, 175, 184; by family members of study participants , 77, 172; and masculine identity , 15, 18, 40, 65, 104, 106, 116, 124–126, 131–132, 155, 157, 184; and need to provide for family, 215, 217, 220; parenthood as a deterrent to, 170–171, 173; as solution to financial problems, 98, 126, 131– 132, 220; study participants view as employment, 142; as supplement to regular employment, 186–187; unemployment and, 129. See also hustling; underground economy drug trade in Philadelphia, 31–32 drug treatment programs: after reentry, 80, 217; at Mountain Ridge, 49, 71– 72, 76, 204; in prison, 82. See also Narcotics Anonymous; twelve-step program early loss of parents, 36, 38, 90, 129, 132 education: arrest warrants as obstacles to pursuing, 164; black men less likely to pursue after high school, 4; lack of benefit to study participants in job market, 214; poverty as an obstacle to pursuing, 101, 206, 209, 214; study participants’ dif- ficulties with after reentry, 80–81, 83–84; study participants do not see as a way out of poverty for their children, 209; study participants’ girlfriends pursue, 187; study participants value at Mountain Ridge, 76–77; stunted by incarceration, 84; white officials’ belief in, 212. See also Empowerment, Education, and Employment (E3); GED; Job Corps; job training; labor market employers: study participants try to please, 174–175; unwillingness of to hire study participants, 80, 102–103, 108, 111, 113; use of criminal background checks, 14, 79, 111 employment: in food industry, 79; in manufacturing, 79; and masculine identity, 117, 180–183; relationship of to recidivism, 217–218; as a requirement of probation, 94; seasonal or temporary, 142, 146, 148– 149, 154, 174, 208–209, 243n13; in service sector, 123, 153, 167, 176, 181, 186–187; types of available to study participants, 108. See also black male unemployment; obstacles to employment; segregation;“working man” identity Empowerment, Education, and Employment (E3), 79–80, 117 eye contact, 33, 37, 50, 157, 226–227 failure to endure adversity, 41, 46, 59 faking it: and graduation ceremony, 191; at Mountain Ridge, 72–74, 76, 164, 211 Family Court. See Philadelphia Family Court family functional therapy (FFT), 224 fatherhood: as catalyst for...

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