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205 NOTES ABBREVIATIONS APS American Philosophical Society Library, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Duke Duke University, Special Collections Library, Durham, North Carolina IGM Institut für Geschichte der Medizin (Department and Collections of the History of Medicine), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna KI The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction, Bloomington, Indiana VGA Verein für Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung (Labour History Society), Vienna NYAM New York Academy of Medicine Library, New York ÖAW Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Austrian Academy of Sciences), Vienna ÖNB Österreichische Nationalbibliothek (Austrian National Library), Vienna WBR Wienbibliothek im Rathaus (Vienna City Library), Vienna RA Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York UWL University of Wisconsin Library, Special Collections, Madison, Wisconsin 1. THREE FAILED SCIENTISTS 1. August Weismann, “The All Sufficiency of Natural Selection. A Reply to Herbert Spencer ,” Contemporary Review 64 (1893): 309–338, 321, quoted in F. B. Churchill, “The Weismann-Spencer Controversy over the Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics,” in Human Implications of Scientific Advance, ed. E. Forbes (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1978), 451–468, 458. See also Peter Bowler, The Eclipse of Darwinism (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press,1983); F. B. Churchill, “August Weismann and a Break from Tradition ,” Journal of the History of Biology 1 (1968): 91–112; F. B. Churchill, “From Heredity Theory to Vererbung: The Transmission Problem, 1850–1915,” Isis 78 (1987): 337–364; Robert Richards, Darwin and Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987). On Weismann, see R. G. Winther, “August Weismann on Germ-plasm Variation,” Journal of the History of Biology 34 (2001): 517–555. 2. Ian Hacking, Rewriting the Soul: Multiple Personality and the Sciences of Memory (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), 16. 206 NOTES TO PAGES 5–20 3. The view is associated with the ideas of the French biologist Jean Baptiste Lamarck and often described as “Lamarckian.” But by 1880, “Lamarckian” and “neo-Lamarckian” approaches shared little with Lamarck’s original theory. Both terms referred to the idea of the inheritance of acquired characteristics. For details of the scandal, see Sander Gliboff, “The Case of Paul Kammerer: Evolution and Experimentation in the Early 20th Century,” Journal of the History of Biology 39 (2006): 525–563; and Arthur Koestler, The Case of the Midwife Toad (New York: Random House, 1971). 4. Jennings to Ross Harrison, January 21, 1924, H. S. Jennings Papers, Paul Kammerer folder, APS. 5. H. S. Jennings Papers; unpublished lecture notes, “Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics ,” no. 29a, 1924, 8, 14, APS. 6. H. S. Jennings Papers, unpublished lecture notes, no. 13b, 1920, 12, APS. 7. Herbert Spencer Jennings, The Biological Basis of Human Nature (New York: W. W. Norton , 1930), 345. 8. Jennings referred to figures. If they were from Kammerer’s published accounts, he was using photos of some of the same specimens that were later declared frauds. 9. Chandak Sengoopta, “Glandular Politics: Experimental Biology, Clinical Medicine, and Homosexual Emancipation in Fin-de-Siècle Central Europe,” Isis 89 (1998): 445–473; Chandak Sengoopta, The Most Secret Quintessence of Life: Sex, Glands, and Hormones, 1850–1950 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006). 10. Karl Sablik, Julius Tandler: Mediziner und Sozialreformer (Vienna: Schendl, 1983). 11. “Government Arrests Viennese Professor,” New York Times, March 18, 1934. Felix Czeike’s entry for Tandler in the Historisches Lexicon Wien (vol. 3: 415) states that Tandler’s efforts were an example that awakened the interest of the world. 12. Carl E. Schorske, Fin-de-Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture (New York: Vintage Books, 1981); Steven Beller, ed., Rethinking Vienna 1900: Austrian History Culture and Society (New York: Berghahn Books, 2001). 13. Naomi Oreskes, The Rejection of Continental Drift: Theory and Method in American Earth Science (Oxford: Oxford University Press,1999); J. Sant, “Wegener, Galileo and Darwin,” scientus.org. Accessed September 2011: http://www.scientus.org/index.html. 14. Celia Roberts, Messengers of Sex: Hormones, Biomedicine, and Feminism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007). 15. Robert Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988). 16. Written with Siegfried Grosz. See also Julius Tandler, “Konstitution und Rassenhygiene ,” Zeitschrift für angewandte Anatomie und Konstitutionslehre 1 (1913–14): 11–26. 2. REHABILITATING SExUALITY 1. Harry Oosterhuis, Stepchildren of Nature: Krafft-Ebing, Psychiatry, and the Making of Sexual Identity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 250. 2. Georges Canguilhem, The Normal and the Pathological (New York: Zone Books, 1991); Ian Hacking, Rewriting the Soul: Multiple Personality and the Sciences of Memory (Princeton : Princeton University Press, 1995); Ian Hacking, The Social Construction of What...