The Highlands: Critical Resources, Treasured Landscapes

Illustrations and Tables

Illustrations and Tables Black and White Figure I.1. The Half Moon at the Highlands engraving 2 Figure 1.1. General map of the northeastern United States and eastern Canada showing Grenvillian basement rocks 10 Figure 1.2. General geologic map of the Highlands from Connecticut to Pennsylvania 12 Figure 1.3. Chart of geological features and events during the Rodinian and Pangean cycles 13 Figure 1.4. Geologic map of the Hudson Highlands region of New York 16 Figure 1.5. (a) Outcrop of the metasedimentary gneiss with recumbent folds. (b) Upright open fold in quartzofeldspathic gneiss 17 Figure 2.1. Map of geomorphic and glacial features of the Highlands 28 Figure 2.2. (a) Till near Mount Arlington, N.J. (b) Lacustrine fan deposits near Buttzville, N.J. 35 Figure 2.3. Map of area around Newfoundland, N.J. 36 Figure 2.4. Map of area around Long Valley, N.J. 37 Figure 2.5. A typical valley-fill aquifer in the northern Highlands 40 Figure 3.1. Map of major soils in New Jersey portion of the Highlands 47 Figure 4.1. Cross-section of bedrock aquifer flow systems 62 Figure 4.2. Cross-section of glacial valley-fill aquifer flow systems 63 Figure 4.3. Groundwater withdrawals by aquifer and by state 65 Figure 4.4. The hydrologic cycle of a watershed 68 Figure 4.5. Mean monthly precipitation for Long Valley, N.J. 69 Figure 4.6. Relation of total annual precipitation to total annual stream discharge, baseflow, and direct runoff for the Pequest River in Pequest, Warren County, N.J. 70 Figure 4.7. Long-term groundwater-level trends in selected New Jersey Highlands aquifers 73 Figure 4.8. The effect of increasing watershed impervious surface on streamflow 75 Figure 4.9. Map of New Jersey urban land use and levels of macroinvertebrate community impairment 78 Figure 5.1. Use of Highlands water supplies by New Jersey municipalities 89 Figure 6.1. Pollen diagram from Spruce Pond, N.Y. 111 Figure 6.2. Frequency of tree species in the Highlands region in the eighteenth century 117 Figure 6.3. Map of New Jersey Highlands forest cover as of 1890 119 Figure 6.4. Market for manufactured forest products within New Jersey in 1899 122 Figure 6.5. Wintertime photograph of an abandoned Highlands farm 124 Figure 6.6. Forest composition in southeastern Connecticut before and after the chestnut blight 125 Figure 7.1. Forest-wide aboveground live tree biomass in the Black Rock Forest 139 Figure 7.2. Size structure of trees of three species in the Black Rock Forest 141 Figure 7.3. Isopleth maps of average annual pH and of total inorganic nitrogen deposition in precipitation in 2007 at sites around the eastern United States 143 Figure 7.4. Distribution of forest stand ages within the Highlands 146 Figure 8.1. Distribution of major wetland types within each state 163 Figure 8.2. Hydric soils of the Highlands 166 Figure 11.1. Beckley Furnace, East Canaan, Conn. 233 Figure 11.2. Plan and elevation map of the Richard Mine 237 Figure 11.3. Photos of a charcoal mound constructed as a demonstration at Hopewell Furnace 238 Figure 11.4. Map showing the route of the Morris Canal and important railways associated with the New Jersey Highlands iron industry, 1860 240 Figure 11.5. Open-pit mine excavation at the Cornwall Ore Banks, Pa., circa 1880s 243 Figure 11.6. Map of selected ironworks of the Highlands 244 Figure 11.7. The processing facility containing magnetic ore separator at Edison’s Iron Works, Ogdensburg, N.J. 252 Figure 12.1. Highlands cropland and pasture cover, 1850–2007 263 Figure 12.2. Population trends for the Highlands region within the four Highlands states, 1850–2010 265 Figure 12.3. Percent change in population and housing units for the four Highlands states (1970–2010) 266 Figure 13.1. William Thompson Howell hiking with companion, circa 1910 277 Figure 13.2. “Our Best Wild Up and Down Country” 282 viii Illustrations and Tables Figure 13.3 Storm King Mountain, at the northern gate of the Hudson Highlands 284 Figure 15.1. Impact of build-out on additional population, impervious surface, housing units, and buildable acres in the Highlands region by state 319 Color Plates Color plates appear between pages 178 and 179. 1. Satellite image map of the Highlands region 2. Highlands region reference...