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Index abandonment, 269; of farmland, 229; of mines, 214; of rail lines, 229 Abraitys, V. A., 184 Acadian orogeny, 13f, 20, 22 acidification, of ecosystem, 143–144 acid precipitation, 218–219 acorns, 148, 150 Adirondack Mountains, 16 Adrian soils, 52 agriculture: and biogeochemical cycling, 142; crop rotation in, 260; in 18th and 19th centuries, 260; fertilizer in, 260; history of, 55; and postEuropean settlement, 259–264, 263f; from 1750 to 1900, 118–120; swine production, 262. See also farming agro/ecotourism, 323 AILANTHUS database, 185, 187, 192 air pollutants, and role of forests, 149 Alden soil series, 49 Alleghanian orogeny, 13f, 20, 22 Allegheny woodrat (Neotoma floridana magister), 213–214 Amazonia, 14 Ambient Biomonitoring Network (AMNET), N.J. Dept. of Environmental Protection’s, 77; macroinvertebrate sampling sites of, 77–79, 78f Amenia soils, 50 American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, 278 American shad (Alosa sapidissima), 208 American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis ), 135 amphibians: pond habitat of, 212; vulnerability to pollutants of, 219; of wetland habitat, 210–211. See also specific amphibians Anderson, K., 183, 186 Anderson, Ned, 282 Andrus, R. E., 170 Annandale soil series, 47f, 48t, 53, 54 anthracite coal, 241, 254; in manufacture of iron, 250 ants, on mountain ridgetops, 207 Appalachian Mountain Club (AMC), 281 Appalachian Mountains, 9, 26; breakup of Rodinia in, 18 Appalachian orogeny, 22 Appalachian Trail, 229, 280, 281–282, 292, 296 Aqua Pennsylvania, 93 aquatic communities, environmental importance of, 76–77. See also specific communities aquatic habitats. See lakes; ponds; rivers; streams; wetlands aquatic systems, and acid precipitation, 218–219 aquifers, 331; bedrock, 60, 61–62, 62f; clastic rock, 61, 64; crystalline rock, 64; fractured rock, 57; glacial valleyfill , 60, 61, 62, 63f, 64; and land-use planning, 299; Newark Basin, 61, 64, The letter f following a page number denotes a figure and the letter t denotes a table. 344 Index aquifers (continued) 74; recharging, 72; stresses on, 95–96; valley-fill, 28f, 39–41, 40f, 57; withdrawals from, 64–65, 65f, pl. 5 aquifers, Highlands: classification of, 60; types of, 60–61 Aralia spinosa, 190 Arendtsville soils, 54 Army Corps of Engineers, U.S., 159 Arnold, C. L., Jr., 320 arrow-grass (Scheuzeria palustris), 187 ash yellows, 147 Asian long-horned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis), 216–217 asphalt. See impervious surfaces Association for the Protection of the Highlands of the Hudson, 278 associations, wetland plant, defined, 167 Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus), 208 Audubon Society, 306, 308 automobile: in American life, 271; and land use, 264–265 autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata), 217–218 Ayers, M. A., 78 bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus): comeback of, 220; wetland habitat of, 212 bar iron, 232, 234–235, 245, 247, 248 Barkhamsted Reservoir, 92 Barrett, J. P., 167, 169 Bartley soils, 54 Bartonia (botanical journal), 185 Bartram, John, 183 Bartram, William, 183 baseflow, 71; documentation of, 320; index, 74, pl. 9 bass, in Highlands ponds, 209 basswood (Tilia americana), 116, 135 bats, 214; cave-hibernating, 202; forest habitats of, 202; Indiana, 202 Bayley, W. S., 251 Beacon, Mount, 275 Beacon Hill Gravel, 27 Bear Mountain State Park, 279 bears: black bear, 141, 201, 219; humanadapted , 218 Bear Swamp Lake, 288 beavers: activity of, 204, 216; elimination of, 120, 126; role in wetlands diversity , 164; success of, 219; in wetland habitats, 210 bedrock, 7; and creation of wetlands, 165; geology of, 4; gneiss, 33, 57; infiltration of water through, 57; Precambrian crystalline, 3 bedrock aquifers, 60, 61–62, 62f beech (Fagus grandifolia), 126, 127; elevation for, 116; and European settlement, 115; and fire history, 113; in postglacial period, 112; in 18th century, 117f beech bark disease, 147 bee species, of Highlands grasslands, 205 beetles: Asian long-horned (Anoplophora glabripennis), 147, 216–217; in Highlands streams, 208; on mountain ridgetops, 207 Bellvale formation, 20 Belmont House, 274 Belvidere area soil survey, 52 Belvidere Delaware Railroad, 241 Bergen area survey, 47, 50 Bernardsville soil survey area, 50 Bertrand Island Amusement Park, 275 biodiversity, 4, 105–106; role of wetlands in, 160; threat to, 215; value of, 220; of wetlands species, 163–164. See also diversity biogeochemical cycling, 142–144 biomass-to-stand-age ratios, 139 bioregional conservation planning, 1 biota, assault on, 105 birch, 126; in 18th century, 117f birds: of coniferous forests, 203–204; forest-nesting neotropical migrant , 216; grassland-nesting, 204–205, 214; and habitat change, 215; of Highlands forests, 200–201; of Highlands shrublands, 206; migration of, 201; overwintering, 212; pond habitat of, 212; in wetland habitat, 210 [18.191.216.163] Project MUSE (2024-04-24 15:52...

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