Opportunity Denied: Limiting Black Women to Devalued Work

Figures

Figures 1.1. Difference in the Occupational Income Scores of 16 Blacks and Whites in the North and South over Time 1.2. Difference in the Occupational Income Scores 18 of Women and Men in the North and South over Time 1.3. Difference in the Occupational Income Scores of Black 19 Women and White Men within Regions over Time 1.4. Occupational Income Scores of All Blacks, All Women, 20 and Black Women, United States, 1860–1960 2.1. Proportion of Black Women Workers Compared to 45 Proportion of All Workers Employed in Farm Labor, 1860–1960 3.1. Proportion of White Female, Black Female, 50 White Male, and Black Male Workers Employed as Domestic Servants, 1860–1960 3.2. Proportion of Black Women Workers Employed 56 as Domestic Servants by U.S. Regions, 1860–1960 3.3. Proportion of Black, Native-Born, and Immigrant 58 White Women Workers Employed in Domestic Service, 1860–1960 3.4. Detailed List of Expectations of a Domestic Servant 67 in the District of Columbia, 1939 4.1. Proportion of White Male, Black Male, White Female, 72 and Black Female Workers Employed as Craftsmen, 1860–1960 4.2. Proportion of White Male, Black Male, White Female, 73 and Black Female Workers Employed as Operatives, 1860–1960 ix 4.3. Proportion of White Male, Black Male, White Female, 74 and Black Female Workers Employed as Laborers, 1860–1960 5.1. Proportion of White Male, Black Male, White Female, 108 and Black Female Workers Employed as Clerical and Kindred Workers, 1860–1960 5.2. Proportion of Black Women Workers Employed 111 as Professionals, Managers, Clerical Workers, and Sales Workers, 1860–1960 5.3. Proportion of White Women Workers Employed 112 as Professionals, Managers, Clerical Workers, and Sales Workers, 1860–1960 5.4. Proportion of White Male, Black Male, White Female, 114 and Black Female Workers Employed in Poverty-Level Jobs, 1860–1960 5.5. Ratio of Black to White Workers in Poverty-Level 116 Jobs by Gender, 1860–1960 6.1. Proportion of Black and White Women Workers 146 in Clerical and Kindred Occupations, 1960–2008 6.2. Percentage of Black and White Women Clerical 148 and Kindred Workers Whose Incomes Fall at or below the Poverty Line, 1960–2008 6.3. Distribution of Workers Employed in Nonhousehold 149 Service by Race and Gender, 1960–2008 6.4. Proportion of White Male, Black Male, White 150 Female, and Black Female Workers in Nonhousehold Service Occupations Earning Incomes at or below the Poverty Line, 1960–2008 Figures x ...