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Introduction 1. Charles F. Westoff and Elise F. Jones, “Contraception and Sterilization in the United States, 1965–1975,” Family Planning Perspectives 9 (1977): 156, 157. 2. Phillip Reilly, The Surgical Solution: A History of Involuntary Sterilization in the United States (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991), 97. 3. Ibid., 137–138. 4. Allison C. Carey, “Gender and Compulsory Sterilization Programs in America,” Journal of Historical Sociology 11 (March 1998): 81. 5. Vivian Cadden, “A Very Private Decision,” Good Housekeeping 174 (May 1972), 148; Report of Consultation for Florence Caffarelli, Association for Voluntary Sterilization (AVS) Records, University of Minnesota Social Welfare History Archives, Minneapolis, box 111, folder Caffarelli (hereafter cited as Records-AVS); Caffarelli v. Peekskill Community Hospital, Affidavit, Florence Caffarelli, 2, Records-AVS, box 111, folder Caffarelli. 6. Caffarelli v. Peekskill Community Hospital, Plaintiff’s Memorandum of Law in Support of Motion for Preliminary Injunction, 2, Records-AVS, box 111, folder Caffarelli. 7. Jane A. Lawrence, “Indian Health Service: Sterilization of Native American Women, 1960s–1970s” (M.A. thesis, Oklahoma State University, 1999). 8. Madrigal v. Quilligan, No. CV 75–2057-JWC, Plaintiffs’ Finding of Fact and Conclusions of Law: Elena Orozco, 11, 12, 13, 14, Carlos Velez-Ibanez Sterilization Papers, University of California, Los Angeles, Chicano Studies Research Center Library and Special Collections, Los Angeles, box embargoed, folder [ca. November 1974] (hereafter cited as Records-UCLA); Madrigal v. Quilligan, No. CV 75–2057JWC , Opinion, 19, Records-UCLA, box embargoed, folder [ca. 1978] transcript of judge’s opinion on case. Chapter 1 — From Eugenics to Neo-eugenics 1. Wendy Kline, Building a Better Race: Gender, Sexuality, and Eugenics from the Turn of the Century to the Baby Boom (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 143–155; Alexandra Minna Stern, Eugenic Nation: Faults and Frontiers of Better Breeding in Modern America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 4–5, chap. 5; Reilly, Surgical Solution, 128; William H. Tucker, The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002). 2. “One-Fifth of U.S. Couples—More Than 7 Million—Rely on Contraceptive Sterilization; Procedures Doubled in 4 Years,” Family Planning Perspectives 7 (1975): 113; Westoff and Jones, “Contraception and Sterilization,” 156, 157. 3. Some historians challenge the validity of the terms “positive eugenics” and “negative eugenics.” Stern, Eugenic Nation, 154–155; Martin Pernick, “Taking Better Baby Contests Seriously,” Journal of Public Health 92 (May 2002): 707–708. 4. Reilly, Surgical Solution, 2; Daniel J. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Use of Human Heredity (New York: Knopf, 1985), 4, 12, 18–19, 46–48, 70–71. Notes 225 5. Frank Dikotter, “Race Culture: Recent Perspectives on the History of Eugenics,” American Historical Review 103 (April 1998): 467–468. 6. Reilly, Surgical Solution, 42–43; Diane Paul, Controlling Human Heredity: 1865 to the Present (Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1995), 10–11; Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics, chaps. 3 and 4. 7. Sean Dennis Cashman, America Ascendant: From Theodore Roosevelt to FDR in the Century of American Power, 1901–1945 (New York: New York University Press, 1998), 88–89. 8. Sara M. Evans, Born for Liberty: A History of Women in America (New York: Free Press, 1997), chap. 7; Kathy Peiss, Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-of-the-Century New York (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986). 9. Kline, Building a Better Race, 20, 24–25; Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics, 107, 131; Miroslava Chavez-Garcia, “Intelligence Testing at Whittier State School, 1890–1920,” Pacific Historical Review 76 (May 2007): 193–228; Stern, Eugenic Nation, 86–99. 10. Theodore Roosevelt, “Race Decadence,” Outlook, April 8, 1911, quoted in Andrea Tone, ed., Controlling Reproduction: An American History (Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 1997), 159–162; Kline, Building a Better Race, 11–12. 11. Kline, Building a Better Race, 19–20; Peiss, Cheap Amusements. 12. California bears responsibility for 2,558 of the 3,233 total eugenic sterilizations performed between 1907 and 1921. Reilly, Surgical Solution, 40, 45, 49. 13. Reilly, Surgical Solution, 11–15, 25–26, 30–40, 49; Kline, Building a Better Race, 32–60; Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics, 92–95. 14. Reilly, Surgical Solution, 52–55; Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics, 109–110. 15. Nine state legislatures actually passed bills, but two governors exercised their vetoes, so only seven bills became law. Reilly, Surgical Solution, 84. 16. Ibid., 68, 86. 17. Buck v. Bell, 274 U.S. 200 (1927). 18. Reilly...

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