Our Marvelous Bodies: An Introduction to the Physiology of Human Health

INDEX

209 absorption: of simple sugars, ; surface area and,  absorptive state,  ACE. See angiotensin-converting enzyme acetaminophen (Tylenol): in heart tissue, ; for high-altitude headache, –; MPTP protected by, ; muscle experiments with, – acetylcholine (ACh), , ,  acid/base homeostasis,  acidosis, ; clinically significant, , t; metabolic, t, ; and osmotic diuresis, ; respiratory, , t acromegaly, ,  actin: cross-bridge with myosin of, ; and muscle hypertrophy,  actin-myosin complexes, formation of permanent,  action potentials, ; and cardiovascular control centers, ; depolarizations and repolarizations,  activators, in control systems,  adenohyophysis,  adenosine, ,  adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in muscle contraction,  adenosine triphosphate (ATP): in muscle contraction, ; regulation of,  adenylate cyclase,  ADH. See antidiuretic hormone adrenal cortex,  adrenal glands: and growth, –; regulation of,  adrenal hormones, – adrenal medulla,  adrenocorticoids,  adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH),  agglutination,  Agre, Peter,  air-exchange system, composition of,  akinesia, of Parkinson’s disease,  Alan test, of collateral perfusion, – albumin to globulin ratio (A/G ratio),  aldosterone, ,  alkalosis: clinically significant, , t; metabolic, t; respiratory, , t allergies, seasonality of, ,  alpha amylase,  altitude, and partial pressure of oxygen,  Alton Giant,  alveolar ventilation, estimating,  alveoli, ; cells of, ; function of, t; and minute ventilation, ; structures of, t; and tidal volume,  American Heart Association, ,  American Physiological Society,  amino acid hormones, –, t amino acids,  anatomy: defined, ; and physiology,  androgen actions, impaired, t androgens, , , , ; functions of, t; before puberty,  androstenedione,  anemias,  anesthesia, and menstrual cycles,  angiogenesis, –,  angiogenic growth factors (AGFs),  angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), –,  angiotensin I (AI),  angiotensin II (AII),  angiotensinogen,  ANP. See atrial natriuretic peptide ANS. See autonomic nervous system antibodies: immune functions of, , ; in immune system,  antidiuretic hormone (ADH), ; function of, ; in hypotensive crisis, ; and overhydration, ; in renal physiology,  antral fluid, ,  antrum, stomach,  aorta,  aortic bodies,  apical membrane,  apneustic center, –, t aquaporins, – arginine vasopressin (AVP), , , . See also antidiuretic hormone arterial blood, pH of,  arterial blood pressure: and general health, ; renal,  arteries, ; distributing, , t; properties of, –; resistance in,  arterioles, , t asthma,  INDEX atherosclerosis, ,  athletes, bradycardia in conditioned,  atmospheric pressure,  atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), , t atrioventricular (AV) node,  auditory cortex, primary,  Auerbach’s plexus, ,  autocrines, ; and hormones, ; and target cells, , f autonomic innervation, of muscle,  autonomic nervous system (ANS), , ; activators of, ; divisions of, , f; effect on heart of, ; functions of, t; neurotransmitters in, , ; thoracolumbar,  autoregulation, pressure-flow, –, f AVP. See arginine vasopressin axons, ; myelinated vs. nonmyelinated, . See also neurons back pain, – Bainbridge reflex,  Banting, Frederick,  barometric pressure, ,  baroreceptor reflex, , ; and cardiac output, –; in hypotensive crisis,  Barrett’s disease,  basement membrane, of glomerular filtration barrier,  basolateral membrane,  basophils, ,  Belloni, ducts of,  bench pressing, and muscle function,  Best, Charles, ,  bicarbonate ions,  bile, enterohepatic recirculation of,  bile acids, ,  biogenic amines,  blastocyst,  blood: acidity of, ; health of, –, ; osmolality of, ; purpose of, ; volume of, – blood clots,  blood flow: cerebral, , f, ; of coronary reactive hyperemia, , f; during hypotension, ; measurements of, –; renal,  blood loss: blood flow in, ; and hypotension, ; physiology of,  blood pressure: carotid, ; direct vs. indirect measurement of, ; and equilibrium, ; homeostasis of, –; inside capillaries, ; and justaglomerular apparatus, ; and kidney function, ; long-term regulation of, ; measuring arterial, ; and physiological gradients, ; recording, –, t, f; regulation of, –; and renal physiology, ,  blood sink,  blood sugar. See glucose blood-testis barrier,  blood vessels, types of, – blood volume: estimating, ; homeostasis of, ; regulation of,  B-lymphocytes, functions of, t body temperature,  body weight, maintenance of,  bowel movements, , ; and composition of meal, ; with healthy diet, ; and ISI, – bowel regularity, and behavioral changes,  Bowman’s capsule, f, , ; pressure inside of, ; and renal plasma flow, ; ultrafiltrate in, ,  Boyle’s law, – brachiocephalic arteries, ,  bradycardia,  brain, health of,  brain stem, ,  Broca’s area,  Brody disease, ,  bronchi: bifurcation of, ; structures of, , t bronchioles: bifurcation of, ; functions of, ; structures of, , t bronchitis, chronic,  Brown, Michael,  buffy coat, , f bundle of His,  calcium, , ; and excitation-contraction coupling in muscle, f, ; intracellular,  calcium/troponin-C complex,  calories, and homeostasis, ,  cankers,  Cannon, Walter B.,  capacitation,  capillaries, , –, t; glomerular, ; lymphatic, ; properties of, ; pulmonary, , ; in respiratory gas exchange, t capillary colloid osmotic pressure,  capillary hydrostatic pressure, , , – capillary oncotic pressure, – carbohydrates, digestion and absorption of, , – carbon dioxide: hydration of, ; partial pressure of, , ; and physiological gradients, ; in respiration,  carbonic acid, production of,  carboxypeptidases,  cardia, of stomach,  cardiac cycle, phases of, –, t cardiac muscle, ,  cardiac output, , ; determination of, ; in hypotensive crisis, ; in hypovolemia,  cardioacceleratory center,  cardiotonic centers, – cardiovascular disease,  cardiovascular reflexes, in hypotensive crisis,  INDEX 210 cardiovascular system: components of, ; control system for, ; health of, –, –; regulation of blood pressure in, – carotid baroreceptor, location of, – carotid bodies,  cell body,  cells, and homeostasis,  central core disease, ,  central nervous system (CNS), ; components of, ; functions of, t cerebral blood flow: increasing, ; regional, , f,  cerebral hemispheres: regions of, f; specialization of,  cervical cancer, incidence of, – chemoattractants...