History and Health Policy in the United States: Putting the Past Back In

Index

AAHP (American Association of Health Plans), 330–331 AARP (American Association of Retired Persons ), 221 Abdelhak, Sherif, 281, 293–294 ABIM (American Board of Internal Medicine), 63–64, 66, 69, 70 Abington Hospital (Philadelphia), 291 ABMS. See American Board of Medical Specialties abortion, 26, 27. See also reproductive rights academic-industrial complex. See “medicalindustrial complex” academic medical centers (AMCs) (teaching hospitals): commercial exploitation of research at, 19, 146–147, 154, 192–195; competition between hospitals for, 276–278; defined, 184; description of, 51, 53; emergency rooms of, 252, 253, 288; managed care contracts in, 278, 279; Medicaid and Medicare in, 40, 45, 288; medical specialties in, 65; as NIH constituents, 176, 183–185, 190–195; in Philadelphia, 290, 291–292; research in, 34, 179–184, 186; and voluntary national professional service, 72. See also education (medical); hospitals; “medicalindustrial complex”; specific institutions accessibility (to health care), 8; emergency room as rational response to general lack of elsewhere, 251, 255–256, 267, 268; of HMOs, 310; poor vs. wealthy gap in, 100, 102; as a right, 15, 24, 28, 85, 87, 91; urban vs. rural gap in, 91–92. See also coverage; deflection; insurance (health) accountability. See responsibility accountable health plans (AHPs), 282, 283 accreditation (of hospitals), 53. See also hospitals : standards for Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), 61, 72 ACGME (Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education), 61, 72 ACSH (American Council on Science and Health), 135–136 acupuncture, 34 ADC (Aid to Dependent Children), 206 adenoidectomies, 52, 55 adolescent medicine specialty, 70 advertising (marketing; public relations), 181; deceptive corporate, 93, 131, 132–137, 153; direct, of prescription drugs, 101, 153, 163, 165–166, 245; emergency-room-related, 252–254, 258, 266; as mirror of society, 28; through physician detailing, 163; regulation of, 94 Advisory Board for Medical Specialties, 56. See also American Board of Medical Specialties Advisory Committee on Genetic Testing, 140 Aetna U.S. Health Care, 278, 286 African Americans, 144–146 Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR), 36, 37. See also Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 36–39, 196 agent orange, 136 AGH (Allegheny General Hospital), 275–276, 279, 281 aging population: drugs taken by, 153; expensive choices facing, 104, 216; impoverishing of, to become eligible for Medicaid, 213, 217–219; lack of insurance for, 95; long-term care for, 202–225, 237–238; medicalization of, 153, 161–167; as Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries, 40, 202, 214, 215, 281; as pressure group, 22, 28; women in, 166; younger generations pitted against, 213, 214–217, 220. See also pensions Agriculture Department (U.S.), 177, 187 AHA. See American Hospital Association AHCPR (Agency for Health Care Policy and Research), 36, 37 AHERF (Allegheny Health, Education, and Research Foundation), 273–308 AHPs (accountable health plans), 282, 283 AHRQ (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality), 36–39, 196 AIDS, 19, 22, 28, 266; lay advocacy about, 170n. 5; reporting of, 124–125; research protocols on, 99 Aid to Dependent Children (ADC), 206 Aid to Dependent Families, 205 Aid to the Blind, 205 Air Force Office of Scientific Research, 186 alcoholism, 15, 132; and mental illness, 240, 242, 245. See also fetal alcohol syndrome; substance abuse Alford, Robert, 331 Allegheny General Hospital (AGH), 275–276, 279, 281 Allegheny Health, Education, and Research Foundation (AHERF), 273–308; bankruptcy scandal, 8, 273–308 345 Index Allegheny Health Education and Research Corporation, 276 Allegheny Health Services, Inc., 276 Allegheny Integrated Health Group, 278 Allegheny Valley Hospitals, 278 Allina Health System (Minnesota), 284, 298 almshouses (poor farms; poorhouses), 15, 203–205, 209, 238 Altman, Edward, 274 Altmeyer, Arthur J., 207 Alzheimer’s disease, 39, 168, 212–213 AMA. See American Medical Association AMCs. See academic medical centers American Association for the Control of Cancer , 181. See also American Cancer Society American Association of Health Plans (AAHP), 330–331 American Association of Retired Persons (AARP), 221 American Board for Ophthalmic Examinations , 54, 55 American Board of Dermatology, 55 American Board of Emergency Medicine, 66, 67 American Board of Family Medicine, 66 American Board of Family Practice, 66–67 American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM), 63–64, 66, 69, 70 American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS), 50, 67, 73; directory published by, 61, 64; role, characteristics, and benefits of, 56–57, 60–61, 64–66, 68, 70, 71–72 American Board of Neurological Surgery, 63 American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 55 American Board of Ophthalmology, 54 American Board of...