Notes
Notes The epigraphs to this book are drawn from the following sources: Zhou dynasty poem quoted in Gray L. Dorsey, Jurisculture (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1993), 50; Mengzi quoted in Fung Yu-Lan, A Short History of Chinese Philosophy, ed. Derek Bodde (New York: Free Press, 1966), 180; and T’ai Kung’s Six Secret Teachings, bk. 1, chap. 1, in The Seven Military Classics of Ancient China, trans., with commentary by, Ralph D. Sawyer (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1993), 24. Introduction 1. See Christopher A. Ford, “Preaching Propriety to Princes: Grotius, Lipsius, and Neo-Stoic International Law,” Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 28, no. 2 (Spring 1996): 313–15. 2. Ibid., 343–48, 355–61. In my view (see ibid., 321–30), Grotius’s approach owes much to that of the sixteenth-century Dutch scholar and classicist Justus Lipsius—a noted mirror-for-princes author and Neostoic who has been described as “one of the most influential political theorists of the age.” Robert C. Evans, Jonson, Lipsius and the Politics of Renaissance Stoicism (Boston: Longwood, 1992), xii. 3. Indeed, one does not have to delve too deeply into Stoic philosophical precedents to find articulated in the works of Marcus Aurelius and others a meditative and mystical ethic of self-control and self-cultivation that might seem familiar to a practitioner of Buddhist meditation or to a Neo-Confucian. For illustrative selections, see, e.g., The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius, trans. George Long (New York: Collier & Son, 1937), bk. 2, pars. 11, 14, pp. 202–3; bk. 4, pars. 3, 36, pp. 212, 218; bk. 5, pars. 1, 16, 23, pp. 222, 227, 229; bk. 6, par. 15, p. 234; bk. 7, pars. 28–29, p. 247; bk. 8, pars. 32, 34, pp. 258–59; bk. 9, par. 19, p. 268; and bk. 12, pars. 3, 26, pp. 295, 299. 4. Ford, “Preaching Propriety to Princes,” 357–59. 5. See generally, e.g., Franz Michael, China through the Ages: History of a Civilization (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1986), 45–46. See also James Legge, trans., Confucius: Confucian Analects, The Great Learning and The Doctrine of the Mean (Oxford: Clarendon, 1893), 33, 62; and Huang Tsung-hsi, The Records of the Ming Scholars, trans. Julie Ching (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1987), 49. 6. See Legge, trans., Confucius, 117. 7. Analects, bk. 8, chap. 6, in Legge, trans., Confucius, 210. 8. Legge, trans., Confucius, 29. 9. The Great Learning, chap. 10(6)–(7), in Legge, trans., Confucius, 375. 10. Doctrine of the Mean, chap. 20(13), in ibid., 409. See also Analects, bk. 1, chap. 5, in ibid., 140 (“The Master said: ‘To rule a country of a thousand chariots, there must be reverent attention to business, and sincerity, economy in expenditure, and love for Men; and the employment of the people at the proper seasons”); and bk. 2, chap. 20, in ibid., 152 (“Let [the ruler] preside over [the people] with gravity;—then they will reverence him. Let him be filial and kind to all;—then they will be faithful to him. Let him advance the good and teach the incompetent;—then they will eagerly seek to be virtuous”). 11. See Ford, “Preaching Propriety to Princes,” 356. 12. But see, e.g., ibid., 359–63. 13. See Georg Schwarzenberger, “The Grotius Factor in International Law and Relations: A Functional Approach,” in Hugo Grotius and International Relations, ed. Hedley Bull, Benedict Kingsbury, and Adam Roberts (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), 301. 14. Monopolarity, of course, need not imply homogeneity. As we shall see, the Chinese conceptions tended to distinguish between a specifically Sinic cultural core—which required bureaucratically consolidated rule—and the rest of the world. Even the barbarians on the periphery, however, needed to approach the core with a degree of deference appropriate to its position of superior virtue. 1. An Emergent China and the Weight of History 1. Thomas M. Kane and Lawrence Serewicz, “China’s Hunger: The Consequences of a Rising Demand for Food and Energy,” Parameters, Autumn 2001, 63 (emphasis added). 2. Steven W. Mosher, Hegemon (San Francisco: Encounter, 2000), 2–3, 8, 29. 3. John Derbyshire, “Communist, Nationalist, and Dangerous: The Problem of China,” National Review, April 30, 2001, 31, 32. 4. Bruce Elleman, “China’s New ‘Imperial’ Navy,” Naval War College Review 55, no. 3 (Summer 2002): 143. 5. Richard J. Newman, “The Chinese Sharpen Their Options,” Air Force Magazine, October 2001, 58, 59. 6. Richard Bernstein and Ross H. Munro, The Coming Conflict with China...
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