Notes
295 Notes Introduction 1. Wilson Wyatt, interview by John Egerton, July 12, 1990, Southern Oral History Collection, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (hereafter cited as SOHC); Louis C. Kesselman , “Kentucky Negro Suffrage Fact-Finding Project,” September 1956, reel 10, folder 15, Southern Regional Council Papers, Robert W. Woodruff Library Archives, Atlanta University Center, Atlanta (microfilm edition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; hereafter cited as SRC Papers); J. Harvey Kerns, A Survey of the Economic and Cultural Conditions of the Negro Population of Louisville, Kentucky (n.p.: Department of Research and Community Projects, National Urban League, 1948), 175. 2. Mark Ethridge to Virginius Dabney, June 8, 1939, box 1, file 5, Mark F. Ethridge Papers, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; “Urban League Told Life Not So Bright for Negroes,” Louisville Courier-Journal , April 13, 1948; “Speaker Hails Cooperation of Races Here,” Louisville Courier-Journal, April 1, 1952; “Council on Interracial Cooperation Formed to Aid Negroes in Kentucky,” Louisville Courier-Journal, February 15, 1941. 3. Lyman Johnson, interview by John Egerton, July 12, 1990, SOHC; J. C. Olden, “Militant Church,” Louisville Defender, November 19, 1953; Frank L. Stanley, People, Places and Problems, Louisville Defender, March 18, 1954. 4. Kim Gruenwald, “Space and Place on the Early American Frontier: The Ohio Valley as a Region, 1790–1850,” Ohio Valley History 4 (Fall 2004): 31; Robert Bruce Symon, “‘Child of the North’: Louisville’s Transition to a Southern City, 1879–1885” (master’s thesis, University of Louisville, 2005), 17–27; Allen J. Share, Cities in the Commonwealth: Two Centuries of Urban Life in Kentucky (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1981), 89. On Louisville during the Civil War, see Lowell H. Harrison and James C. Klotter, New History of Kentucky (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1997), 188–92. 5. Omer Carmichael and Weldon James, The Louisville Story (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1957), 12–13; Share, Cities in the Commonwealth, 68–93. Share gives the population of African Americans in the city as 6,810 in 1860, 14,956 in 1870, and 39,139 in 1900. On the economic causes of the shift to southernness, see Symon, “‘Child of the North’”; for a more cultural approach, see Anne Elizabeth Marshall, “‘A Strange Conclusion to a Triumphant War’: Memory, Identity and the Creation of a Confederate Kentucky, 1865–1925” (PhD diss., University of Georgia, 2004). 6. On the development of segregation in Louisville, see George C. Wright, Life behind a Veil: Blacks in Louisville, Kentucky, 1865–1930 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1985), 52–65; Share, Cities in the Commonwealth , 93–97. 7. Wright, Life behind a Veil, 100–122; E. Franklin Frazier, Negro Youth at the Crossways: Their Personality Development in the Middle States (New York: Schocken Books, 1967), 15–18. 8. Wright, Life behind a Veil, 78–101, 214–28; U.S. Department of Commerce , Bureau of the Census, Population and Housing Statistics for Census Tracts, Louisville, Ky., and Adjacent Area (Washington, DC, 1942). 9. “Louisville: A Blend of Almost Everywhere,” Business Week, May 7, 1955; Scott Cummings and Michael Price, “Race Relations in Louisville: Southern Racial Traditions and Northern Class Dynamics” (Policy Paper Series , Urban Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, June 1990), 13; Richard Bernier, “World War II,” in Encyclopedia of Louisville, ed. John E. Kleber (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2001), 954–57. 10. On Catholics in Louisville, see Clyde F. Crews, An American Holy Land: A History of the Archdiocese of Louisville (Wilmington, DE: Glazier , 1987). On the Jewish community in Louisville, see Lee Shai Weissbach, “Jews,” in Kleber, Encyclopedia of Louisville, 446–48, and Herman Landau, Adath Louisville: The Story of a Jewish Community (Louisville, KY: Landau, 1981). On the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, see Henry U. Warnock, “Prophets of Change: Some Southern Baptist Leaders and the Problem of Race, 1920–1921,” Baptist History and Heritage 7 (1972), and Tracy Elaine K’Meyer, Interracialism and Christian Community in the Postwar South: The Story of Koinonia Farm (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1997), 21–24, 29. 11. Murray Walls, interview by Dwayne Cox, July 27, 1977, Oral History Collection, Ekstrom Library, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (hereafter cited as OHC); Anne Braden, The Wall Between (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1999), 42–43; Kerns, Survey of the Economic and Cultural Conditions, 184. 12. See U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Census of Population, 1950, vol. 2, Characteristics of the Population, Kentucky (Washington , DC, 1952). 13...
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