Bluecoats and Tar Heels: Soldiers and Civilians in Reconstruction North Carolina

Notes

275 Notes Abbreviations ACHM Alamance County Historical Museum ACNC Assistant Commissioner of North Carolina (Freedmen’s Bureau) AGO Adjutant General’s Office,Washington, D. C. BBSHS Bentonville Battlefield State Historic Site BC Bowdoin College: Hawthorne-Longfellow Library BRFAL Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands CHS Chicago Historical Society CWMC Civil War Miscellaneous Collection CWTIC CivilWarTimes Illustrated Collection Dept East Department of the East Dept NC Department of North Carolina Dept South Department of the South Dist NC District of North Carolina Dist WNC District of Western North Carolina DU Duke University: Perkins Library ECU East Carolina University: J.Y. Joyner Library FPC Federal Population Census GFO General Field Orders (in OR) GO General Orders GOC General Orders and Circulars GLB Governor’s Letterbooks GP Governor’s Papers HCWRTC Harrisburg Civil War RoundTable Collection HSPA Historical Society of Pennsylvania ILHS Illinois State Historical Library INHS Indiana Historical Society KMNP Kennesaw Mountain National Park LB Letterbook LC Library of Congress LR Letters Received LS Letters Sent M Microcopy MHI Military History Institute, U.S.Army NA National Archives,Washington, D.C. NAII National Archives, College Park, Maryland NCC-GPL North Carolina Collection, Greensboro Public Library NCC-UNC North Carolina Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill NCSA North Carolina State Archives NHHS New Hampshire Historical Society NYHS New-York Historical Society NYPL NewYork Public Library OR [Official Records]TheWar of the Rebellion:A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, U.S.War Department PC Private Collections PGLB Provisional Governor’s Letterbook PGP Provisional Governor’s Papers RG Record Group 2MD Second Military District SCF Source-Chronological File SHC-UNC Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill SFO Special Field Orders (in OR) SO Special Orders UMI University of Michigan: Bentley Historical Library UND University of Notre Dame:Archives UVA University of Virginia:Alderman Library UWA University of Washington Libraries VHS Virginia Historical Society Prologue A word about the book’s title. “Bluecoats” denotes the blue-uniformed federal soldiers stationed in North Carolina from 1865 to 1877. “Tar Heels”—a nickname coined during the Civil War—refers to North Carolinians, whether they were male or female, soldier or civilian, black or red or white. 1.Tourgée, Fool’s Errand, 152–53. 2. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Eighth Census, xvii;Yearns and Barrett, N.C.Civil War Documentary, 125, 247. 3. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Eighth Census, 357. 4. Miles, Serving the Republic,111. 276 Notes to Pages 2–6 5. Hogue, Uncivil War; Hollandsworth, Absolute Massacre; Lemann, Redemption; Zuczek, State of Rebellion. 1.TheWarrior as Peacemaker 1. Zebulon B.Vance to Joseph E. Brown, January 18, 1865, in McKinney and McMurry, Papers ofVance, reel 13; W. T. Sherman to James M. Calhoun et al., September 12, 1864, in Simpson and Berlin, Sherman’s CivilWar, 708; Charles Manly to “My Dear Gov.,” March 29, 1865, David Lowry Swain Papers, SHC-UNC. For a thorough account of the devastating impact of Union and Confederate forces on North Carolina in March and April 1865, see Angley et al., Sherman’s March through North Carolina. 2. Henry Hitchcock to Mary Hitchcock, April 14, 1865, in Howe, Marching with Sherman, 295–96; T. S. Bowers to Major General Sherman, April 9, 1865 (enclosing copies of U. S. Grant to R. E. Lee, April 9, 1865, and R. E. Lee to U. S. Grant, April 9, 1865), and W.T. Sherman to U. S. Grant, April 12, 1865, both in OR 47(3): 140, 177 (all citations are for series 1 unless otherwise indicated); Sherman, Memoirs, 2: 344. 3. Z. B.Vance to W.T. Sherman, April 12, 1865, and W.T. Sherman to Z. B. Vance,April 12, 1865, both in OR 47(3): 178; Sherman, Memoirs, 2: 137–40; U.S. Congress, “Sherman-Johnston,” 3: 6, 14; Bradley, Astounding Close, 127. 4. Henry Hitchcock to Mary Hitchcock, April 14, 1865, in Howe, Marching with Sherman, 295–96, 298; Johnston, Narrative of Military Operations, 398–400; J. E. Johnston toW.T. Sherman,April 14 [13], 1865, in OR 47(3): 206–7; Bradley, “‘I Rely uponYour Good Judgment,’” 163. 5.W.T. Sherman to J. E. Johnston,April 14 [15], 1865, andW.T. Sherman to U. S. Grant and Secretary of War, April 15, 1865, both in OR 47(3): 207; Henry Hitchcock to Mary Hitchcock, April 15, 1865, in Howe...