Act of Justice: Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation and the Law of War

Notes

173 Notes Notes Introduction 1. Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln (hereafter cited as Collected Works), vol. 6, 406 (R. P. Basler ed. 1953). 1. Planting the Seed 1. D. H. Donald, Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War, 388 (1961). 2. In reference to the blockade proclamation, Thaddeus Stevens claimed that Lincoln had said, “I don’t know anything about the law of nations.” Recollected Words of Abraham Lincoln, 423 (D. Fehrenbacher and V. Fehrenbacher eds. 1996). According to Assistant Attorney General Titian Coffey, Lincoln told Attorney General Edward Bates,“I am not much of a prize lawyer.” Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln by Distinguished Men of His Time, 245 (A. T. Rice ed. 1971 reprint of 1888 ed.). “Prize law” was a part of the law of war that dealt with the capture of enemy vessels at sea. 3. First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861, Collected Works, vol. 4, 262. 4. “It was a generally accepted axiom of American constitutional law in 1861 that slavery was a domestic institution of the States, and that as a State institution it was outside Federal jurisdiction.” James G. Randall, Constitutional Problems under Lincoln, 343 (rev. ed. 1951). 5. Browning to Lincoln, April 18, 1861, Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress, Manuscript Division (Washington, D.C.: American Memory Project, [2000–2002]), on the Library’s Internet site at http://memory. loc.gov/ammem/alhtml/alhome.html. 6. Browning to Lincoln, April 30, 1861, Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress, http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/alhtml/alhome.html. 7. John K. Mahon, The War of 1812, 312–15 (1991 reprint). 8. John B. Moore, History and Digest of International Arbitrations to Which the United States has been a Party, vol. 1, 351 (1898). 9. Randall, Constitutional Problems under Lincoln, 344 (rev. ed. 1951). 10. Robert V. Remini, John Quincy Adams, 137–41 (2002). 11. William L. Miller, Arguing about Slavery, 206–9 (1996). 12. Quoted in William Whiting, The War Powers of the President, and The Legislative Powers of Congress in Relation to Rebellion, Treason and Slavery, 77 (4th ed. 1863). 13. Ibid., 78–79. 14. Brown v. United States, 12 U.S. (8 Cranch) 110, 145 (1814) (Story, J. dissenting); ibid. at 152. 15. Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, ch. XXI, sec. 1172 (1833). 16. J. L. Brierly, The Law of Nations, 1 (6th ed. 1963); ibid., 59. 17. Frederick W. Marks, Independence on Trial, 3–15 (1972). 18. See the case of Respublica v. DeLongchamps, 1 U.S. (1 Dallas) 111 (Philadelphia , Pa., Court of Oyer and Terminer, 1784). 19. John S. D. Eisenhower, Agent of Destiny: The Life and Times of General Winfield Scott, 148 (1997). 20. Ibid., 146–47; Kenneth W. Porter, The Black Seminoles, 40–43 (1996). 21. Eisenhower, Agent of Destiny, 149–67. 22. Quoted in Porter, The Black Seminoles, 78 (1996). 23. Ibid., 95. 24. K. Jack Bauer, Zachary Taylor, 86 (paperback ed. 1993); Whiting, The War Powers of the President, 76–77. 25. Miller, Arguing about Slavery, 444–54. 26. Quoted in Whiting, The War Powers of the President, 80. 27. Ibid. 28. “Decree for the Emancipation of Slaves,” June 2, 1816, in El Libertador: Writings of Simon Bolivar, 177 (F. Fornoff trans. 2003). See also Colombia, A Country Study 19 (Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, 1990); John V. Lombardi, Venezuela: The Search for Order, the Dream of Progress, 148–50, 176 (1982); Gerhard Masur, Simon Bolivar, 192–98 (Venezuela, 1816), 275–76 (Columbia, 1819) (2nd ed. 1969). 29. Randall, Constitutional Problems under Lincoln, 375, footnote 6 (1951 reprint). 30. Fort Mose Historical Society Internet site, http://www.oldcity.com/ mose/; accessed on February 22, 2000. 31. Darcie Macmahon and Kathleen Deagan, “Legacy of Fort Mose,” Archaeology vol. 49, no. 5 (September–October 1996). The site of Fort Mose has been located and excavated by University of Florida archaeologists. In 1994, it was declared a national historic landmark as the first free black community in North America. 32. “Haiti—Toussaint Louverture,” on the Library of Congress Internet 174 Notes to Pages 8–17 site at: http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/httoc.html#ht0018; accessed February 22, 2000. 33. Sidney Kaplan and Emma Kaplan, The Black Presence in the Era of the American Revolution, 73 (footnote) (rev. ed. 1989). 34. Kirsten Schultz, Tropical Versailles, 173 (paperback ed. 2001). 35. Kaplan and Kaplan, The...