Sidelined: How American Sports Challenged the Black Freedom Struggle

Notes

187 Notes Preface 1. Branch, Parting the Waters, 922. 2. Fairclough, Better Day Coming. 3. P. E. Joseph, “Black Power Movement,” 752. 4. Hall, “Long Civil Rights Movement.” 5. Cha-Jua and Lang, “‘Long Movement’ as Vampire.” 6. P. Joseph, Waiting ’Til the Midnight Hour, 9–34. 7. Bissinger, Friday Night Lights. 8. Hartmann, Race, Culture, and the Revolt of the Black Athlete. 9. Bass, Not the Triumph. 10. Martin, Benching Jim Crow. 11. Demas, Integrating the Gridiron. 12. Kemper, College Football. 13. Grundy, Learning to Win. 14. Rogers, “Oral History,” 576. 15. Nasstrom, “Beginnings and Endings,” 16. Rogers, “Oral History,” 568. 1. Locating the Black Athletic Revolt in the Black Freedom Struggle 1. Gitlin, The Sixties, 305. 2. Douglas Roby to Harry Parker, November 5, 1968, copy in author’s possession , courtesy of Paul Hoffman. 3. Edwards, Revolt of the Black Athlete, 1. 4. D. Wiggins, “Leisure Time,” 36–37. 5. Frederickson, Black Image, 241–55. 6. Wiggins, “Great Speed,” 159–60. 7. Wiggins, “Prized Performers,” 165–67. 8. Gems, “Blocked Shot,” 140–45. 9. Shropshire, In Black and White, 29–31. 10. Ibid., 31. 11. For a discussion of black protest and the symbolism it exploited from the 1930s, see Sandage, “Marble House Divided.” Rick Halpern draws attention to the increasingly interracial nature of unionism in the 1940s in “Organised Labour, Black Workers and the Twentieth-Century South: The Emerging Revision”; see also Korstad, Civil Rights Unionism. Darlene Clark Hine, in “Black Profession- 188 Notes to Pages 6–15 als and Race Consciousness: Origins of the Civil Rights Movement, 1890–1950,” shows the ways in which the black professional class pushed for racial change during and immediately after the Second World War. All of these studies help to show that the seeds of the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s and many of the tactics used during that decade emerged in a previous era. 12. Shropshire, In Black and White, 30. 13. Spivey, “End Jim Crow,” 282–84, 300–302. 14. Marcello, “Integration of Intercollegiate Athletics,” 316. 15. T. Smith, “Civil Rights and the Gridiron,” 196–98, 204–8. 16. New York Times, November 25, 1967. 17. Gems, “Blocked Shot,” 136. 18. Interview with Phil Shinnick, July 23, 2004. 19. Kellner, “Sports, Media, Culture, and Race,” 462–65. 20. Meade, “Joe Louis,” 329–34. 21. Van Deburg, Black Camelot, 99. 22. Marcello, “Integration of Intercollegiate Athletics,” 311–12. 23. Interview with Willie Brown, October 4, 2004. 24. Moore, “Courageous Stand,” 66. 25. Interview with T. J. Gaughan, October 27, 2004. 26. Interview with Larry Young, May 31, 2004. 27. Interview with David Hemery, March 25, 2004. 28. San Jose Mercury News, September 18, 1967. 29. Ibid. 30. Kemper, College Football, 42. 31. San Jose Mercury News, September 22, 1967. 32. Fairclough, To Redeem the Soul of America, 316. 33. M. L. King, “Where Do We Go From Here: Chaos or Community?,” in Washington, Testament of Hope, 589. 34. P. Joseph, “Black Power Movement,” 753. 35. Tyson, Radio Free Dixie, 3. 36. Ibid., 88–93. 37. Ibid., 155. 38. Umoja, “Ballot and the Bullet,” 570–72. 39. Raines, My Soul Is Rested, 148. 40. Fairclough, To Redeem the Soul of America, 149. 41. Umoja, “Ballot and the Bullet,” 570–73. 42. Edwards, Revolt of the Black Athlete, 58. 43. Van Deburg, New Day in Babylon, 88. 44. New York Times, May 12, 1968. 45. San Jose Mercury News, September 23, 1967. 46. New York Times, February 16, 1968. 47. New York Times, May 12, 1968. Notes to Pages 15–23 189 48. Miroff, “Presidential Leverage.” 49. Grundy, Learning to Win, 267–68. 50. Interview with Bob Abright, April 13, 2006. 51. Interview with Melvin Hamilton, April 19, 2004. 52. Roberts and Olsen, Winning Is the Only Thing, 166. 53. Edwards, Revolt of the Black Athlete, 26. 54. E. Barkley Brown, “Negotiating and Transforming the Public Sphere:African -American Political Life in the Transition from Slavery to Freedom,” in Dailey , Gilmore, and Simon, Jumpin’Jim Crow, 52. 55. Interview with Wyomia Tyus, October 16, 2004. 56. Estes, I Am a Man, 98–105. 57. Kemper, College Football, 28–31. 58. P. Miller, “To Bring the Race along Rapidly: Sport, Student Culture, and Educational Mission at Historically Black Colleges during the Interwar Years,” in Miller, Sporting World, 131. 59. Interview with Conrad Dobler, March 12, 2004. 60. Interview with Melvin Hamilton, April 19, 2004. 61. Interview with Harry Edwards...