An Archaeology of Asian Transnationalism

Notes

205 Notes Chapter 2. Diaspora and Transnationalism 1. Kivisto (2001) argues, for example, that current assimilation theory (permitting a more dialectical relationship between cultural persistence and change) can account for all phenomena identified as transnational and that transnationalism should be conceived as a subset of rather than an alternative to it. Instead of a distinct phenomenon, transnationalism can be seen as a variant that accompanies assimilation and ethnic pluralism as potential outcomes of migration, because at the same time transmigrants are maintaining connections with the homeland they are also acculturating to the host society. Chapter 3. Don and Lion Islands 1. Japanese fishermen without naturalization papers (the majority) relied on Japanese contractors or canners with rights to hold fishing licenses, which were used as leverage to control wages and salmon prices. 2. Ralston (2005) claims Ewen built the cannery on Lion Island for the 1884 season, and other writers conflate it with the cannery he began in New Westminster in 1876. However, land title records indicate Ewen did not own the island until February 1885. The British Columbia Directory for 1884–85 (published in 1885) does not include the Ewen Cannery in its list of canneries located in Richmond, but the cannery does appear in the next available directory for 1887 (Mallandaine 1887: 201; Woltz 1885: 179). Chapter 4. Chinese and Japanese Migration in Context 1. Western technology and scholarship had been available during the Tokugawa period via Dutch traders; however, these things were largely limited to the upper classes. 2. For example, Western-style department stores first appeared in cities in the first decade of the twentieth century, combining Western and Japanese elements into an eclectic creolization (Moeran 1998). Chapter 5. Archaeological Evidence from Don Island 1. Japanese ceramics: n = 1,739 (1,711 porcelain, 26 stoneware, 2 earthenware); Chinese teacups: n = 2; porcelain spoons: n = 5; Western teacup: n = 1; egg cups: n = 3. The number of identified specimens present (NISP, or n) is the total number of fragments of a given category in an assemblage of artifacts. The minimum number of vessels (MNV) is the smallest number of whole objects that can account for all the fragments in an assemblage. 2. English ceramic tableware: n = 482. 3. Suribachi: n = 11, horoku: n = 1. 4. Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris), strawberry (Frageria sp.), wild cherry (Prunus avium), plum (P. domestica), Asian plum (P. mume), peach (P. persica), salmonberry/ 206 Notes blackberry (Rubus), grape (Vitis sp.). Full taxonomic and quantitative data on faunal and botanical remains recovered from Don and Lion Islands can be found in Ross (2009b). 5. The term beer as used here should be understood to include ale and other Westernstyle beverages fermented from grain. Likewise, the term soda includes all nonalcoholic carbonated beverages, such as mineral water. North American cylindrical quart bottles ranged from about 22 to 30 oz. (650–887 ml), pints from 11 to 16 oz. (325–473 ml), and half pints from 6 to 8 oz. (177–237 ml) (Society for Historical Archaeology 2011). Large and small Japanese beer bottles correspond to the range for North American quarts and pints, but sake bottles typically come in 1 sho (1.8 liter, 61 oz.) and 4 go (720 ml, 24 oz.) sizes, the latter corresponding to the quart size (Laker 1975: 88; Gauntner 2002: 78–80). 6. Shot glass: n = 1, tumblers: n = 7, water glass: n = 2, sake cups: n = 16, sake bottles: n = 11, Chinese stoneware liquor bottles: n = 89. Chapter 6. Archaeological Evidence from Lion Island 1. For Chinese ceramics found in North America during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Double Happiness and Bamboo designs occur almost exclusively on rice bowls, whereas Four Seasons and Celadon wares occur on rice bowls, serving bowls, teacups, liquor cups, spoons, and sauce dishes, among other tableware. The Double Happiness pattern disappears from the archaeological record after the 1870s, apparently replaced by Bamboo. 2. Chinese tableware: n = 420; English tableware: n = 114; possible Japanese teacups: n = 2. 3. English plates: n = 86; English teacups: n = 2. Four of the plates bear manufacturers’ marks: 2 Mellor, Taylor & Co. (1880–1904), 1 J. & G. Meakin (c. 1890+), and 1 Thomas Hughes & Sons (c. 1895–1910). 4. Chinese brown stoneware: n = 2,899. 5. Unfortunately, functional ambiguity limits numerical comparisons. For example, green pint-sized bottles with crown finishes and a champagne body style were used for Japanese and North American beer and soda and for Chinese liquor (joining stoneware liquor bottles in the early twentieth century). Bottles of this...