Yo Soy Negro: Blackness in Peru

Index

Index Abolition of slavery in Peru, 36–38, 54 Abuse of workers, 55–56 Acculturation,“whitening” through, 26, 71, 107 ACEJUNEP. See Asociación Cultural para la Juventud Negra Peruana Adriana (interviewee), 157 Advertising, white models, 144, 148 Africa, in oral histories, 45, 46 African ancestry, in oral histories, 47–50 African diaspora, 6–8, 117, 119, 205; blackness in Ingenio and, 27; diaspora studies, 10, 202–3; global and local discourses compared, 114–42; global conceptualization of, 116–21; as process, 7, 26 Afro-descendant, use of term, 204 Afro-Ecuadoran writers, 84 Afro–Latin America, 71 Afro–Latin Americans, and mestizaje, 70–76 Afro-Peruvian culture, 171, 181; artists, 119; becoming“Peruvian,” 179–80, 187–89, 195; dance, 4, 140, 180, 187, 188, 190, 191, 192, 197; in Ingenio, 190–93; movies, 181–84, 185, 186; music, 4, 140, 181, 187, 188, 190 Afro-Peruvians, 10, 204; becoming“Peruvian,” 179–80, 187–89; blacks labeled as, 195; cultural citizenship, 194, 196–98; desire for cultural recognition, 27; historical depiction, 197; mestizaje and, 176–77, 186–87; use of term, 209; vs. criollos, 179 Afro-Peruvian social movements, 3–6, 19 Agrarian Development Law, 41 Agrarian reform, 40–41, 171 Aguirre, Carlos, 39, 54, 193, 196 A la costa (Martínez), 84 Alan (interviewee), 49, 137 Alaya (interviewee), 156–57 Alcatraz, 188 Aldana, Susana, 35 Alexandra (interviewee), 105–6, 140 Alfonso (interviewee), 47, 50–52, 212n6 Alto Piura (Peru), 30–31, 44 Alvarado, Juan Velasco, 4 Ancestry: construction of, 58; in oral histories, 46–54 Andean countries: racial identity in, 86. See also individual countries Antiracialism, 176–77, 177 Antonio (interviewee), 49 Appadurai, A., 147 Arévalo, Don Jacobo, 40 Argentina: blacks and“whitening,” 77–78; cultural mestizaje, 78; racial mixture in, 76 Armando (interviewee), 124–26, 139, 151–52, 159–60, 162 Arrese, Don Pedro de, 43 Asociación Cultural para la Juventud Negra Peruana (ACEJUNEP), 5 Asociación Negra de Derechos Humanos (ASONEDH), 5 Atlacatl (prince), 81 228 r index Aymara (language), 211n1 Azevedo, Aluisio, 75 Aztec (people), 79, 80 Baca, Susana, 119 Bailey, Stanley, 95, 176 Bajo Piura (Peru), 29–30, 31, 97 Balaguer, Joaquín, 79 Barahona, Miguel, 85 Barrio Nuevo (neighborhood), 20–21 Basadre, Jorge, 69–70 Beauty: blackness associated with ugliness, 151–52, 160, 162, 163; color and, 14, 27; norms of in Ingenio, 27; whiteness and, 27, 160–64 Belaúnde Terry, Fernando, 40, 172 Bennett, Herman, 7, 129 Bilbao, Oswaldo, 10 Billboards, 193–94; white models, 144, 148 Black: use of term, 201, 209. See also Blacks; Negros Black Association of Human Rights. See Asociación Negra de Derechos Humanos (ASONEDH) “Black Atlantic,” 117, 119, 181 The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness (Gilroy), 6, 117–18 “Black but beautiful,” 162 Black culture, 140–41, 171. See also Afro-Peruvian culture “Black is beautiful,” 148 Black music, 188. See also Afro-Peruvian culture; Music, Afro-Peruvian Blackness: association with ugliness, 151–52, 160, 162, 163; beauty and, 14; color and defining of, 25, 60, 61–88; community and, 137–38; and cosmopolitanism, 139, 140; in Cuban literature, 73; culture and, 171; defined in Peru, 9, 27, 70; diasporic discourses and local discourses compared, 114–42; gender differences in perception of, 133–37; global blackness, 116–21; improving the race, 158; in Ingenio, 25, 26, 27, 28–58, 59–60, 104, 115, 121–33, 167, 170, 201–2, 204, 205; local blackness, 120, 121–33; local discourse in, 170–99; in Peru, 9, 27, 60, 64, 70, 142, 181–86, 194–96, 202; Peruvian national discourse on, 181–86; on television, 164; use of term, 2–3, 212n1. See also Mestizaje “Black Pacific,” 119, 181 Black population: decline of in Latin America, 63–64, 65, 77. See also Blacks Black Rhythms of Peru (Feldman), 8, 181 Blacks: acceptance through miscegenation, 26; Afro-Peruvians as, 195; in Brazil, 71–72, 73–75; in Colombia, 75, 76, 93; in Cuba, 71, 72–73; decline of in Latin America, 63–64, 65, 77; diasporic blacks, 118; double consciousness, 118–19; in Ecuador, 82, 83–84; in El Salvador, 75, 85; global and national representations of, 143–69; in Honduras, 85–86; in Latin America, 71–76; marriage to lighter-skinned people, 158, 166; mestizaje and, 8, 10, 61, 178; in Mexico, 75;“mulatto escape hatch,” 92, 97; mulattos different from, 69; in Nicaragua, 75; in Peru, 77, 178–79; in Peruvian literature, 66–69; standards of beauty, 150; in Venezuela, 75, 93;“whitening” through acculturation...