Freedom for Women: Forging the Women's Liberation Movement, 1953-1970

Index

Abbott, Sidney, 221–22 Abolitionists: black feminists and, 29; use of "woman question" by, 246n9; First Wave feminism and, 35, 60; in families of WLM leaders, 59, 60 Abortion: legalization of, 2, 208, 209, 237; in 1950s, 16; relevance to black women, 17, 121; Giardina experience with, 18; as genocide, 49, 71; Flo Kennedy lawsuit on, 69; black feminists on, 71, 74, 79, 105, 208; Atkinson on, 77; WLM actions on, 96, 129, 204–10; Jane collective and, 96, 225; Young Lords on, 216; and NWRO, 220; Chisholm on, 232; public support for, 243 Abramowicz v. Lefkowitz, 69. See also abortion Abubakari, Dara, 105, 208 Abzug, Bella, 239 Adams, Jane, 129, 169 Africa, 65, 104, 108, 114, 174, 224 African-American women. See black women African People’s Socialist Party, 211 Alexander, Shana, 199, 236 Algeria, 108, 264n46 Allen, Donna, 141 Allen, Pam: family background, 4, 59, 72; fought campus curfews, 22; Civil Rights experience, 51, 52; NYRW and, 71, 75, 131– 32; and Patricia Robinson, 79, 203; on Black Index Power, 124; spouse of, 159; on independent WLM debate, 162; Guardian article by, 169; on consciousness-raising, 182 Allen, Robert, 51, 159–60 Amatniek, Kathie. See Kathie Sarachild Amazon Project (of SNCC), 32–33 Angelou, Maya, 232, 286n89 Anthony, Katharine, 67 Anticolonial struggles: Beal influenced by, 65; Baker steered SNCC towards, 101; Nkrumah on, 104; Freedomways on, 166; sexism in movements for, 174; WLM introduces women to, 189. See also Third World revolutions Antiwar movement. See Vietnam War Appearance issue: women college students and, 17; in Second Sex, 75; Cell 16 on, 78; and natural hair, 118; in Old Left, 148; beauty pageants and, 195–196; black women and, 196–197 Aptheker, Bettina, 68, 86, 91 Atkinson, Ti-Grace: and Beauvoir, 77–78; influence of, 79; radicalized by feminism, 187; exit from NOW of, 203; on lesbianism, 223; Newsweek interview of, 230; and Feminist Party, 239; as displaced WLM leader, 240 Attica Brothers, 246–47n17 306 Index Baby boom, 16, 19 Baker, Ella, 62–63; called “Fundi,” 23; on WLM, 23, 63; and Norton, 23, 42, 61–62; on sexism in civil rights, 28, 29, 38–39; feminist influence of, in SNCC, 29, 85; in Harlem YWCA circle, 29; leadership in SNCC by, 35, 38, 41–42, 89; on her mother, 36; kept name, 38; on women leaders, 39; SCLC founding and, 39, 250n43; on leadership, 41; Pauli Murray and, 60; work for NAACP by, 63; on Black Power, 101, 262n10; on emasculation of black men, 106; on class question, 117 Baldwin, James, 87 Baraka, Amiri, 103 Barrett, Cathy, 96, 161 Bates, Daisy: influence on Ruby Doris Robinson, 21; on sexism, 28; promoted by Ella Baker, 29; leadership of, 36; exclusion from NAACP award, 103; murder of mother, 253n56 Battle of Algiers (Pontecorvo), 108 Baxandall, Rosalyn, 9, 10, 199 Beal, Frances: on Black Power, 12, 101; on illegal abortion, 17; family background, 22, 65; confronting sexism, 29, 30, 48–49; and SNCC, 35–36, 109, 112–14; WLM leadership of, 71; on Second Sex, 75; on cultural nationalism, 102, 108–9; on contraception, 105; wrote “Soul on Fire,” 113; on class question, 117; on white women’s organizing, 120; on consciousness-raising, 180; on beauty standards, 198 Beauty pageants. See Miss America Protest Beauty standards. See appearance issue Beauvoir, Simone de, 73–82; influence on U.S. WLM, 1, 3, 15; influence on Sarachild, 54, 66; Old Left and, 146; on class question and feminism, 146–47; writings sold by Liberator, 167; abortion testimony of, 209; on lesbianism, 222. See also Second Sex Bellamy, Fay, 112 Benninger, Christopher, 57, 58–59 Bird, Caroline, 224 Birth control. See abortion; contraception Birth rate decline, 16, 19 Black feminism: cause of rise of, 12; distinct from white, 25; rooted in earlier movements, 27; began in slavery, 29; confronted male supremacy, 48; Roth on, 250n37, 250n40. See also Black Women’s Liberation Black feminists: in black groups, 25–26, 62; pioneering role obscured, 27–28; in mixed groups, 26; resignations from NOW, 242 Black Freedom Movement: women’s positive experience in, 1, 8; female leadership in, 4, 5–6; sexism in, 4, 6, 27; WLM founders in, 7–8; self-critical on sexism, 12; consciousness-raising and, 176, 177. See also Civil Rights Movement Black left, 30, 165–68 Black matriarchy myth. See matriarchy myth; Moynihan Report Black Panther Party (BPP): sexism in, 12–13; Kathleen Cleaver on, 12–13, 27; feminism and, 168, 212, 213, 246n17; women leaders of, 214, 282n107; on...