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Index Page locators with t indicate tables, f indicate figure captions, m indicate map captions Abolition debates, 158–59 Accotink village, Virginia, 42 Activism, 1, 91, 249; political, 9, 11, 14, 207, 231, 232, 245–48, 273 ADR Associates, 283 Africa, 134 African American associations, 52, 55, 113, 127n10, 281; building, 47; support Black Populism, 109, 110. See also Association for the Advancement of Negro Country Life (AANCL) African American businesses and business owners, 7, 28, 39, 55; clubs, 39; financial institutions, 84, 112, 139, 184, 188; middle or professional class, 29, 45, 99; trades and tradesmen, 39, 55 African American death rate in Florida (1939), 221 African American fraternal and civic organizations , support of, 93, 139, 214. See also “Afro-Americans” African American name lists as research tool, 303–4 African Americans: living conditions of, 146–47; physical health of, 146, 221–22, 232 African American settlements. See Communities settled by African Americans African American women club leaders: goals differ from national/state objectives, 207, 209, 211, 214–15, 219, 226n6; status and influence, 206–7, 209, 214, 219–24; tenure of, 220–21, 223 African Methodist Episcopal church, 56, 110, 116, 139, 195, 256 Afro-American (newspaper), 243 Afro-American Farmers Alliance, 125. See also Colored Alliance “Afro-Americans” (fraternal organization), 139 Agrarianism, Jeffersonian, 6–7, 84, 92, 163– 64, 166–68, 310. See also Idealism, rural Agribusiness, 86, 289 Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), 143, 145, 146, 148, 196, 272; Cotton Section, 148; failed tenant farmers, 196 Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA), 75, 92 Agricultural Conservation Program, 293n18 Agricultural extension agents, 92, 100, 185, 187–90, 196, 206; African American, 15, 74, 86, 95–96, 97, 102n7, 139, 189, 193, 195, 196, 206, 208, 214, 245, 256–57, 261–62, 264, 268n12; fired, 264; Florida structure of, 14, 206, 213, 219; government publications of, 312; lack of civil rights activism by, 261–62; petition for replacement, 264; provide little help, 272, 274, 286, 312; reports, 185, 187, 188, 189–90, 193, 195–96, 210, 214; target landowning families, 312; transferred, 264; white, 86, 92, 188, 193, 208, 209, 255. See also Home demonstration agents Agricultural extension services, 273; segregated, 312, 313; studies of, 312, 313. See also specific state services Agricultural History Society, 4 Agricultural programs: debt forgiveness, 276, 281, 283, 287–88; decline of use by African Americans, 275; federal assistance and subsidy, 92, 96, 99–100, 105n42, 141–43, 145–46, 196, 247, 273–74, 279, 282, 293n18, 313; federal crop reduction, 75, 143, 146, 148, 183, 196–99, 259, 264; federal tobacco, 183, 197–99; racism found in, 30, 92, 141–42, 146–47, 166, 198–99, 206, 207, 211, 225, 257, 259, 263–64, 271–75, 277–78; use of by African Americans lagging, 289–90 Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service (ASCS), 247–48, 259, 263, 272, 273–74, 275 Agricultural Workers Union, 245 Agriculture: cash crop, 231, 232, 255, 272 (see also Cotton: as cash crop; Tobacco: as a cash crop; Wheat: as a cash crop); centralization, 149; depression, 29, 84; diversified, 12, 71, 74, 77, 138, 156–57, 159, 168–72, 193, 255, 280, 289; Golden Age of, 167; one crop production , 30, 168, 198, 263; scientific, 84–85, 86, 87, 91, 94, 96, 99–100, 111, 113, 147, 272, 273, 278, 290. See also Plantation agriculture 322 · Index Agriculture—continued —African American: economic viability of, 28, 39, 47, 84, 85, 159, 169, 276, 290; future survival strategies of, 289–91; household production/consumption through, 48, 57, 71, 74, 90, 94, 137, 143, 168, 207, 210t, 220; multigenerational family farms, 3, 63; viability threatened, 259, 281, 272, 274–75 Alabama, 79n6; Constitutional Convention of 1901, 237–38, 246, 247; farms in (1930), 235–36; state legislature, 250n12; studies of, 23. See also Black Belt: Alabama Alabama Agricultural Extension Service, 84, 245; Negro Division, 87, 245 Alabama Colored Agricultural Wheel. See Colored Agricultural Wheels: Alabama state Alabama Polytechnic Institute, 244–45 Alachua County, Florida, 216, 222 Alamance County, North Carolina: extension agent report, 193; rates of African American land ownership (1900–1950), 186t Albany, Georgia, 294n25 Alexander, Sandy, 45, 47; farm location of, 46m Alexandria, Virginia, 39–40, 42–43, 45, 51, 54–55, 56–57; Cameron Street, 55; as a commercial center, 54, 57; court, 51, 55; hub of slave trade, 40; markets, 55 Alfred Street Baptist Church (Alexandria, Virginia), 39, 54–55 Ali, Omar H., 11 All-black communities. See Communities settled by African Americans Allen, Blanche Washington, 66 Allen, J. W...

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