Stalking the U-Boat: U.S. Naval Aviation in Europe during World War I

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Notes Abbreviations FDRPLM Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum (Hyde Park) IF David Ingalls and Louise Harkness Ingalls Foundation (Shaker Heights) LC Library of Congress (Washington, D.C.) MCHC Marine Corps Historical Center (Washington, D. C.) MHS Massachusetts Historical Society (Boston) NA National Archives (Washington, D.C.) NAM Emil Buehler Library, Naval Aviation Museum (Pensacola) NAUK National Archives United Kingdom (Kew) NHHC Naval History and Heritage Command (Washington, D.C.) SHM Service Historique de la Marine (Paris) YA Yale University Archives (New Haven) Introduction 1. This episode is recounted in Paine, The First Yale Unit, II, 306–8. 2. Edwards, “The U. S. Naval Airforce in Action, 1917–1918,” 1863–64. Chapter 1. The First Aeronautic Detachment 1. Lord, “The History of Naval Aviation, 1898–1939,” 303; also Memorandum, May 23, 1917, box 155, GU, RG 45. 2. Sims to OpNav, July 3, 1917, in Lord, “The History of Naval Aviation, 1898–1939,” 305. 3. Lord, “The History of Naval Aviation, 1898–1939,” 302; Whiting to Sims, “History of the First Aeronautic Detachment,” November 29, 1918, box 910, ZGU, RG 45. 4. Turnbull and Lord, History of United States Naval Aviation, 44; Reynolds, Admiral John H. Towers, 22–23; Killingholme Yearbook, 3–5; Shirley, “Wartime Memoirs of John Jay Schieffelin,” 113–14; Still, Crisis at Sea, 461. 5. Palmer to Whiting, May 10, 1917, and Palmer to Blanpré, May 12, 1917, both SS/ Ga-144, SHM; also Turnbull and Lord, History of United States Naval Aviation,119. 6. O’Neal, “First to Fall”; also Whistler, “The Making of a Dunkirk Aviator”; Sheely, ed., Sailor of the Air, passim; Cline in Woolbridge, The Golden Age Remembered, 5–6. 7. Cline in Woolbridge, The Golden Age Remembered, 6; O’Neal, “First to Fall,” 39; Sheely, Sailor of the Air, 18–19. 8. Cline in Woolbridge, The Golden Age Remembered, 6; Whistler, “The Making of a Dunkirk Aviator,” 340–51; Whiting, “First Aeronautic Detachment,” box 910, ZGU, RG 45; Detachment members listed in SS/Ga-145, SHM. 9. Sheely, Sailor of the Air, 26–28; Whistler, “The Making of a Dunkirk Aviator,” 348. 10. Sheely, Sailor of the Air, 26; Whiting, “First Aeronautic Detachment”; and Dichman, “Historical Memorandum,” December 3, 1918 (written aboard USS Conyngham), both box 910, ZGU, RG 45. 11. Whistler, “The Making of a Dunkirk Aviator,” 349. 12. Whiting, “First Aeronautic Detachment,” Dichman, “Historical Memorandum,” and V. C. Griffin, “Memorandum of Duties,” c. Dec 1918, all box 910, ZGU, RG 45; Craven, “History of U. S. Naval Aviation, Foreign Service, French Unit 1917–1918,” 7–8, box 912, ZGU, RG 45. 13. Still, Crisis at Sea, 40. 14. Whiting to Secretary of the Navy, July 20, 1917; Whiting, “First Aeronautic Detachment ,” and Whiting to Sims, November 29, 1918, all box 910, ZGU, RG 45; Sprague, “Flying Gobs,” 14–15; and Whistler, “The Making of a Dunkirk Aviator,” 351. 15. Sheely, Sailor of the Air, 33–36. 16. Ibid., 31–36; Whistler, “The Making of a Dunkirk Aviator,” 350–51. 17. Whiting, “First Aeronautic Detachment,” December 2, 1918, box 910, ZGU, RG 45. 18. Ministry of Marine “Circulaire,” June 16, 1917, SS/Ga-146, SHM. 19. Lord, “The History of Naval Aviation, 1898–1939,” 347–49; Initial work would be arranged by the Travaux Hydraulique, the engineering arm of the Ministry of Marine; see also French Memo of June 15, 1917, box 461, PA, RG 45. 20. Lord, “The History of Naval Aviation, 1898–1939,” 350; Edwards, “The U.S. Naval Air Force in Action,” 1873–74. 21. Whiting to Sims, “First Aeronautic Detachment,” box 910, ZGU, RG 45. 22. Lord, “The History of Naval Aviation, 1898–1939,” 55–56. 23. Several descriptions of Whiting’s visit exist, including a handwritten draft on stationery of the Hotel Meurice, 228 Rue de Rivoli, box 144, GN, RG 45. 24. The geographic relationship of many of the sites visited by Whiting is depicted on a detailed, hand-drawn map “Le Croisic a Fromentine” that pinpoints important locations like Le Croisic, St. Nazaire, Paimboeuf, Fromentine, and Ile d’Yeu, SS/Ga-144, SHM. 25. Capitaine De Laborde filed his report on the Whiting inspection trip with the Ministry of Marine July 4, 1917, SS/Ga-147, SHM. 26. “Proces Verbal de la Conference tenue au Ministre de la Marine 8 Juillet 1917,” SS/Ga-144, SHM. The Bolling Commission, led by Maj. Raynal Bolling, was a group of Army and Navy officers selected by the Aircraft Production Board to visit Europe “to study...