N O T E S Introduction 1. Robert Wagner, quoted in “Bowery Clean-Up Planned,” NYT, 31 October 1961; Howard M. Bahr, Homelessness and Disaffiliation (New York: Bureau of Applied Research , Columbia University, 1968), 261. 2. Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives (1890; New York: Dover, 1971). 3. “Many Captives,” NYT, 17 February 1886; “Patrick McGurk’s Resort Raided,” NYT, 21 March 1893; “Many Doors Smashed in Bowery Raid,” NYT, 23 November 1901; “Jerome Backs Raids of Bowery Resorts,” NYT, 25 January 1902; “Police Make Raid on Bowery Dives,” NYT, 16 February 1902; “Filth and Foul Odors, Another Visit to the Lowest Class of Lodging-Houses,” NYT, 25 January 1882. 4. Kenneth L. Kusmer, Down and Out, and On the Road: The Homeless in American History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 147–67. 5. See Christopher Mele, Selling the Lower East Side: Culture, Real Estate, and Resistance in New York City (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000); Samuel Zipp, Manhattan Projects: The Rise and Fall of Urban Renewal in Cold War New York (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010); Tyler Anbinder, Five Points: The 19thCentury New York City Neighborhood That Invented Tap Dance, Stole Elections, and Become the World’s Most Notorious Slum (New York: Plume, 2002); Wendell Pritchett, Brownsville, Brooklyn: Blacks, Jews, and the Changing Face of the Ghetto (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Martha Biondi, To Stand and Fight: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Postwar New York City (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003); Thomas Kessner, Fiorello H. La Guardia and the Making of Modern New York (New York: McGraw Hill, 1989); Vincent J. Cannato, The Ungovernable City: John Lindsay and His Struggle to Save New York (New York: Basic Books, 2001); Jonathan Soffer, Ed Koch and the Rebuilding of New York City (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010). 6. Michael B. Katz, The Undeserving Poor: From the War on Poverty to the War on Welfare (New York: Pantheon, 1990); Katz, In the Shadow of the Poorhouse: A Social History of Welfare in America (New York: Basic Books, 1986). 224 Notes to Pages 5–12 7. Kim Hopper, Reckoning with Homelessness (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2003), 93–100; Joel Blau, The Visible Poor (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992). 8. Don Mitchell, The Right to the City: Social Justice and the Fight for Public Space (New York: Guilford Press, 2003), 1–12. 9. Alex Vitale, City of Disorder: How the Quality of Life Campaign Transformed New York Politics (New York: New York University Press, 2009); Leonard C. Feldman, Citizens Without Shelter: Homelessness, Democracy, and Political Exclusion (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2004). 10. Doris Wykowsky, in Ann Marie Rousseau, Shopping Bag Ladies: Homeless Women Speak About Their Lives (New York: Pilgrim Press, 1981), 107. 11. Moses, quoted in Gwendolyn A. Dordick, Something Left to Lose: Personal Relations and Survival Among New York’s Homeless (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997), 13. 12. John Benton, “Rest for Weary Willie,” Saturday Evening Post 208, 10, 5 September 1936, 5, 6, 79, 81, 82; Howard M. Bahr and Kathleen C. Houts, “Can You Trust a Homeless Man? A Comparison of Official Records and Interview Responses by Bowery Men,” Public Opinion Quarterly 35, 3 (Fall 1971): 374–82. 13. Sara Harris, Skid Row U.S.A. (New York: Tower, 1961); Samuel E. Wallace, Skid Row as a Way of Life (New York: Harper & Row, 1968); Rousseau, Shopping Bag Ladies; Joseph Hart, Down and Out: The Life and Death of Minneapolis’ Skid Row (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002); Steven Vanderstaay, Street Lives: An Oral History of Homeless Americans (Philadelphia: New Society, 1992); Dordick, Something Left to Lose. 14. John, quoted in Vanderstaay, Street Lives, 78–79. 15. Kusmer, Down and Out, 4–6; Todd DePastino, Citizen Hobo: How a Century of Homelessness Shaped America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), xxiv–xxv. 16. Doris Wykowsky, quoted in Rousseau, Shopping Bag Ladies, 107. 17. See Elaine S. Abelson, “‘Women Who Have No Men to Work for Them’: Gender and Homelessness in the Great Depression, 1930–1934,” Feminist Studies 29, 1 (Spring 2003): 104–26; Marsha A. Martin, “Homeless Women: An Historical Perspective,” in On Being Homeless: Historical Perspectives, ed. Rick Beard (New York: Museum of the City of New York, 1987), 33–41; Lynn Weiner, “Sisters of the Road: Women Transients and Tramps,” in Walking to Work: Tramps in America, 1790–1935, ed. Eric Monkkonen (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984), 171–88. 18. DePastino, Citizen Hobo; Don...