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N o t e o n Tr a n s l a t i o n s The modern French texts quoted in this book have been translated by Alisa Belanger, with my assistance, except for the Introduction and portions of Chapters 4, 5, and 6, where I translated with her assistance. Whenever possible , I quote from published English translations. In cases where published English translations are unavailable, out of date or not easily accessible, new translation is provided and the original modern French appears throughout in the endnotes. In cases where the official published translation is used, page numbers in square brackets in-text refer to the text of original French editions, but the original text is not provided. All other translations are my own, unless otherwise noted. The translation of the French “mœurs” deserves particular mention, since it covers a wide range of meanings in English depending on context. Most often “mœurs” is rendered as “mores,” “customs and morals,” and “culture,” and less frequently as “manners,” “traditions,” “lifestyle,” and “conduct.” “Histoire des mœurs” is translated as “history of customs and morals” and “history of culture,” the latter term taken from the Encyclopedia Britannica (11th edition, 1910–1911) or left in the original. The term “historien des mœurs” is rendered as “historian of customs and morals” or “historian of culture.” This page intentionally left blank ...

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