Index Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations advocacy, 196–98 Alexandria (African township), 33 Allenby Street (Beirut), 55 Annan, Kofi, 139 anti-Semitism, 29–30, 32, 90 Aoun, Michel, 58 apartheid, 33 Attila (military operation), 135; Attila Line, 135. See also Green Line, Nicosia avoidance, professional strategy, 177–80 Baghdad, 242 Balfour Declaration, 87–88 al-Basta, 48 Beirut, 1, 37–60; assessment, 187–89; civil war, 49–58; downtown area, map, ; as emblem of political struggle, 211–12; engagement through privatization, 184–89; map, ; political reading of conflict, 150; proximal cataclysmic events, 233; red line, 184, 186; refugee camps; settlement history, 39– 44. See also Green Line, Beirut; refugee camps Belfast, 1, 61–81; class conflict masked by ethnic rivalries, 159–60; class and ethnicity, 216; concretizing of peacelines, 218–19; cost of partition, 13–14; double minority syndrome , 209; as emblem of political struggle , 212; ethnic confrontations, 4–5; ethnic enclaves, camaraderie, 210; ethnic partitions , ; expediency of walls, 149–50; faith in urban barricades, 162, ; industry closures , 157; legacy of partition, 227; local advantages of rivalry, 146; new peaceline established , 198–99; obstacles to nonpartisan planning, 183; partition wall, ; professional disengagement, 178; proximal cataclysmic events, 233; public housing policy, 165, 173–74; segregated neighborhoods, 70– 71. See also Green Line, Belfast; Northern Ireland Benvenisti, Meron, 200; advice to urban planners, 198; double minority syndrome, 153, 208–9; on security fence, 242 Black Saturday (Beirut), 54 Black September, 45 blighting, 230 Bloody Sunday, 73 Boban, Mate, 111–12 Bombay Street (Belfast), 71–72 Bosnia-Herzegovina: annexation by AustriaHungary , 108; civil war, 110; proposed partition , 108–11 Boulevard (Mostar), 105, , ; as interethnic boundary, 104, 108, 114–15, 217 boundary etching, 213–17 Boyne, Battle of, 65 Broz, Josip. See Tito, Josip Broz Bulevar Narodne Revolucije. See Boulevard (Mostar) camaraderie in enclaves, 164, 210 causation. See urban partitions, proximal crises centralized planning, 181 Chamoun, Camille, 43, 45, 47, 49 Charter of National Reconciliation (Lebanon ), 57–58 circulation patterns: Beirut, 52, 53; Belfast, 72; in enclaves, 221; Jerusalem, 83–87; Mostar, 114–15; Nicosia, 139, 141 cities, 15–18; scale and group identity, 27–29 class conflict, 159–61; masked by ethnic rivalries , 160 Clerides, Glafkos, 132 clustering, 208–10. See also ethnic segregation Index collaborative planning, 181–83 commercial arteries and partition lines, 215 compliance strategies. See professional strategies , compliance complicity and disengagement, 178–80 concretizing of boundaries, 217–20; Beirut, 50–52; Belfast, 217–20; Jerusalem, 92–94; Mostar, 113–15; Nicosia, 132–34 consolidation of boundaries, 220–21; Beirut, 54–57; Belfast, 73–74; Jerusalem, 94–95; Mostar, 115–16; Nicosia, 134–39 Cromwell, Oliver, 65 cultural heritage, private investment, 189–98 Cupar Street (Belfast), 219 Cvetković-Maček Agreement, 108–9 Cyprus: achieves independence, 131; British rule, 126–30; class conflict masked by ethnic rivalries, 160; double minority syndrome , 208–9; history, 125–27; quota system for political office, 131, 151; Turkish invasion, 134–35 Cyprus Problem, 130, 135; impacts, 139–42 Damascus Road (Beirut), as Green Line, 38, 217; map, David’s Village, 192 Dayan-al-Tal partition line. See Green Line, Jerusalem Dayan, Moshe, 92–93, 96, 237 Dayan, Uzi, 237, 239 Dayton Accords, 107, 116–17 deaths, 13; Beirut, 13, 58–59; Belfast, 13, 67, 78; Cyprus, 13, 139–40; Israel, 13; Jerusalem, 97; Mostar, 118 demographic engineering, 208 Denktash, Rauf, 133 divided cities: characteristics, 1–18, 205–35; compared with unified cities, 147–48; as emblems of political struggles, 211–13; in history, 21; potential for increase, 7 Dolfin, Zacaria, 30 double minority syndrome (Benvenisti), 153, 208–9 economic conditions in divided cities, 157 economic disadvantage: Beirut, 42; East Jerusalem , 100 Education Act (Northern Ireland), 1947 (UK), 68–69, 234 enclaves. See ethnic enclaves; sectarian enclaves engagement, professional strategy, 181–98 enosis, 126–28, 130, 134 EOKA (National Organization of Cypriot Fighters), 127–28, 232 EOKA B, 134 Ervine, David: on consolidation of boundaries , 207–8; on fear, 1, 4, 205–6; on legacy of partition, 227; on need for multifaceted approach, 158; on voluntary segregation, 1, 4, 205–6 ethnic cleansing, Mostar, 103–5, 114 ethnic discrimination, institutionalization, 28–29. See also ghettos ethnic enclaves, 3–7, 21–22; camaraderie, 210; costs, 220–21; suburban models, 32–34. See also clustering ethnic political quotas: Cyprus, 131, 151; Lebanon , 42 ethnic rivalries, 1–3; masking class conflict, 159–61; related to breach of urban contract , 148–49 ethnic segregation: Belfast, 70–71; Cyprus, 125–26...