Notes
N o t e s introduction 1. See, e.g., Shadis, Berenguela of Castile; Rodrı́guez López, ‘‘Sucesión regia’’; G. Martin, ‘‘Régner sans régner’’; Raizman, ‘‘Prayer, Patronage, and Piety’’; D’Emilio, ‘‘Royal Convent.’’ 2. See, e.g., Silleras-Fernandez, Power, Piety, and Patronage, 4; T. Martin, Queen as King, 12; Lehfeldt, 33 n.6. 3. See Bennett, 23–24; Smith, The Gender of History, 186–87. 4. See Karras, 85–88. 5. Earenfight, King’s Other Body, 12–13; Shadis, Berenguela, 14, 34–35. 6. Earenfight, King’s Other Body, 3–4. 7. Murray, 2–3, 7–9; Nicholas, 74–77. 8. Bennett, 59; Weissberger, xvi. 9. Shadis, Berenguela, 3, 10, 50. 10. Jordan argues effectively for looking beyond the biological role of heiresses to evaluate their power (154). 11. My use of the term lordship follows Thomas Bisson’s; it refers both to ‘‘personal command over dependent people,’’ whether peasants or lesser lords, and to ‘‘the value or extent of such dependencies,’’ including but not limited to physical space. See Bisson, Crisis, 3; also Van Engen, 215–18. 12. Earenfight, ‘‘Preface,’’ xviii–xix. 13. Ibid., xiii. 14. See, e.g., Collins, 80; Earenfight, ‘‘Absent Kings.’’ 15. I use the word crusade here in its technical sense of a war, usually but not always against Muslims, in which the pope granted specific spiritual benefits to those who participated . In this sense, the southern campaigns in Iberia—the Reconquista—in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries were crusades. See O’Callaghan, Reconquest and Crusade, especially 19–22; Riley-Smith, The Crusades; Linehan, Spanish Church. 16. See Earenfight, ‘‘Preface,’’ xiv. 17. Constance Bouchard argues that in France the agnatic mentality prevailed much earlier, and the gradual restoration of public order in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries simply made it more possible for families to transmit patrimony from father to eldest son (see Bouchard, ‘‘Those of My Blood’’). Still, this chronology does not translate to Iberia. 266 notes to pages 7–11 18. Barton, Aristocracy, 39–44; Dillard, 76–77. 19. Again, in León and Castile, this practice continued until the fourteenth century: Barton, Aristocracy, 53–55. See also Dillard, 46. 20. See Adair, 63–64. 21. Shadis, Berenguela, 14, 34–35; Earenfight, King’s Other Body, 12–13, 135–36. See also Cheyette, 25. 22. See Shadis, Berenguela, 34–35, 41. 23. Earenfight, ‘‘Preface,’’ xvi–xvii. 24. See Huneycutt, ‘‘Alianora regina anglorum,’’ 128; Tanner, 141. 25. Heiresses were not always able to make good on that possibility, of course. See T. Martin, Queen as King, 61 n.92. 26. The preeminent study of Urraca’s reign is Reilly, The Kingdom of León-Castilla; it now has a valuable companion in T. Martin, Queen as King. See also Gómez Mampaso, 129. 27. This example is from Alfonso VIII, 噛528, 2:923–25 (Dec. 30, 1189), but the formula is typical of both Castilian and Leonese royal diplomas in this period. 28. For example, Alfonso VII’s sister Sancha often co-issued his diplomas: see Garcı́a Calles, Doña Sancha. Fernando III’s brother Alfonso co-issued in the early years of the reign, while he was the king’s heir. On the other hand, Alfonso IX’s half-brother, Sancho Fernández, appears never to have co-issued his diplomas; see Chapter 6. 29. Shadis, Berenguela, 35. 30. Silleras-Fernandez, ‘‘Money Isn’t Everything,’’ 81–82. 31. Earenfight, King’s Other Body, 2. 32. See Silleras-Fernandez, ‘‘Money Isn’t Everything,’’ and Power, Piety, and Patronage. 33. In English, lordship presents a problem for scholars of women’s history. The word lord is inescapably gendered, but it has no feminine equivalent; lady has acquired connotations of reserve and gentility that do not correspond to the lived realities of many medieval ‘‘ladies.’’ Therefore, I use lord and lordship in a gender-neutral sense wherever possible. When speaking specifically of women in their capacity as lords, I use the Latin word domina, ‘‘(female) lord,’’ the grammatical equivalent of dominus. While not a perfect solution, domina has the advantage of conveying the necessary authority while evading any romantic connotations. 34. Bisson, Crisis, 493–96. 35. Ruiz, 112–18. 36. Estepa Dı́ez, ‘‘Curia y cortes,’’ 56–57. 37. Reilly, ‘‘The Court Bishops of Alfonso VII,’’ 67–78; Barton, Aristocracy, 44, 128–30, 135; Bisson, Crisis, 98–99; Estepa Dı́ez, ‘‘Curia y Cortes,’’ 77. 38. Estepa...
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