Notes
. Addresses and Proceedings of the APA, –, vol. (September ): , . The APA later would automatically enroll anyone who could pay its dues. . Morton White, email, September , . . A. J. Ayer, More of My Life (London: Collins, ), . . White, email; Addresses and Proceedings of the APA, –, vol. (September ): . . Although there are many varieties of African American thinkers, and although I have put my own twist on the topic, the study of constellations of black intellectuals as representative of a social type is common in the literature. For personal accounts see, for example, J. Saunders Redding, On Being Negro in America (Indianapolis: Bobbs Merrill, ), and John Hope Franklin, ‘‘The Dilemma of the American Negro Scholar,’’ in Herbert Hill, ed., Soon One Morning: New Writing by American Negroes, – (New York: Knopf, ), –. For generalizations, see, for example, Harold Cruse, The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual (New York: William Morrow, ), esp. –; William M. Banks, Black Intellectuals: Race and Responsibility in American Life (New York: W. W. Norton, ), esp. –; and Hazel Carby, Race Men (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, ), esp. –. For specific thinkers, see, for example, Jonathan Scott Holloway, Confronting the Veil: Abram Harris, Jr., E. Franklin Frazier, and Ralph Bunche, – (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, ), , –; Jerry Gafio Watts, Heroism and the Black Intellectual: Ralph Ellison, Politics, and Afro-American Intellectual Life (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, ); and the unpublished work of Barbara Savage on Carter Woodson and Benjamin Mays. . See Charles Palmer, A History of Delaware County Pennsylvania (Harrisburg: National Historical Association, ). Population data in this and the following paragraph are from John Morrison McLarnon III, Ruling Suburbia: John J. McClure and the Republi- – can Machine in Delaware County, Pennsylvania (Newark: University of Delaware Press, ), . . For biographical details, in addition to the sources cited, I am indebted throughout to the material in the Fontaine Papers and his Alumni File in the Archives of the University of Pennsylvania (hereafter UPA) and to interviews conducted with Evelyn Fontaine Prattis (Fontaine’s sister) and Kathleen Prattis (his niece) on October and , , October , , and July , ; and with Pamela Harris (his granddaughter) and Belle Fontaine (his wife) on August , , and , . There is an obituary in the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Association (–): – by James Ross. . Fontaine, Reflections on Segregation, Desegregation, Power and Morals (Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas Publishing Co., ), ; Colored Directory of Delaware County (Delaware County), under Ballard and Hunt. . Fontaine, Reflections, ; student transcripts, Fontaine, Lincoln University Archives (hereafter LUA). . Student transcripts, Fontaine, LUA. . Ibid. . Ibid. . McLarnon, Ruling Suburbia, –. . ‘‘Black History’’ clippings, Chester County Times, Chester County Democrat, Oxford News, Oxford Press, –, West Chester Historical Society, West Chester, Pa.; Fontaine, Reflections, , . . Fontaine, ‘‘The Mind and Thought of the Negro of the United States as Revealed in Imaginative Literature, –,’’ Southern University Bulletin (March ): –. For the impact of these events on black intellectuals, see Michael C. Dawson , Black Visions: The Roots of Contemporary African-American Political Ideologies (Chicago : University of Chicago Press, ), –. . McLarnon, Ruling Suburbia, –, –. . Harris and Fontaine interviews. . I have taken this depiction of his life in Chester from Fontaine’s thinly disguised description in Reflections, v, –. The same autobiographical echoes appear in ‘‘Segregation and Desegregation in the United States: A Philosophical Analysis,’’ Présence Africaine – (): , . In addition to Fontaine’s recollections, see Richard E. Harris, Delinquency in Our Democracy (Los Angeles: Wetzel Publishing Co., ), the section on Chester, esp. –. . Fontaine, Reflections, . . Prattis interviews; Fontaine, Reflections, iv. . Student transcripts, Fontaine, LUA. . The best source on Lincoln is Horace Mann Bond, Education for Freedom: A History of Lincoln University, Pennsylvania (Lincoln University, ) (published in Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, ), –. . See the discussion in Arnold Rampersad, The Life of Langston Hughes, vol. : –, I Too Sing America (New York: Oxford University Press, ), –. [18.189.180.76] Project MUSE (2024-04-25 12:11 GMT) – . A. L. Greenwood, ‘‘The Railroads of Chester County,’’ Tredyffrin Easttown History Club Quarterly (February ): –. . In his autobiography, The Big Sea (; New York: Hill and Wang, ), . . The only negative appraisal I have found is from J. Saunders Redding, who attended Lincoln for one year, –. See his No Day of Triumph (New York: Harper and Brothers, ), –. There is an excellent survey of Lincoln in the s in Raymond Wolters, The New Negro on Campus: Black College Rebellions of the s (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, ), –. . Student transcripts, Fontaine, LUA; for the dean’s list see, for example, Lincoln News, October , , ; and on debating, see Lincoln News, January , , , also in LUA. . Lincoln News, October , , , LUA. . Lincolnian, January , , , LUA. . Lincoln News, October , , ; January , , , LUA. . See Martha Jane Nadell, Enter the New Negroes...
OR
