307 academies and public cultural institutions of louis XiV, 152–53 aeneas, 6, 70 agricultural/evolutionary discourse: challenges to Greco-roman metal metaphor and discourse of degeneration, 211; du Bellay and, 204–8, 215; and firstness, 214–16, 218; Fontenelle’s minimization of French-ancient differences, 214–16, 218; French language as “sauvage plant,” 204–5; metaphor of the sauvage, 203–9, 215, 218–19; new evolutionary model of Greco-roman civilization, 207–8, 215; terms “culture” and “agriculture,” 156, 206 alexander the Great, 231n4 alexander Vi, Pope, 177 anachronisms, 4; the amerindian sauvages at the 1662 Carrousel Festival, 128; “assimilation,” 18–20, 89–90, 235n66; colonization of Gaul as “civilizing mission,” 46–47; and the moderns’ “new history,” 42; “postcolonial,” 4–5 ancient Greece, 23 1n4; concept of the barbarian and outsiders, 68–70; Fontenelle and the Greeks as first sauvages, 212–17, 218; metal metaphor and concept of degeneration, 209–11; nature as degenerative and hierarchical, 39, 67–68, 209–11; thought structures, 67–70, 209–11 ancient Greek language: Charpentier’s argument for the true universal language, 143; and du Bellay’s evolutionary model of thought, 207–8; French elites’ definition of “barbarian” rooted in, 68; and French language, 34–35, 68, 143, 236n 12; and Greek idea of outsiders, 68–69; and humanitas, 138 “ancients”: and idealized roman discourse of colonization, 50–52; and romanized/ civilized Gauls, 31–32, 36–37, 46–53, 54; as term, 10, 34–35; winning the memory war over Gallic heritage, 36–37, 50–53, 54. See also Gauls, romanized/civilized; Quarrel between the ancients and Moderns ancient rome, 5; code for multiple narratives, 7–8; colonization as “civilizing mission,” 46–50, 147–51, 227; colonizing strategies and blurring of “us-them” boundaries, 50–52, 54, 66–67; concept of “romanization,” 50–52, 235n67; differentiating influences of rome/Greece on France, 34–35; the Gallic Hercules, 57, 147–51, 227; the moderns’ “new history” as explanation of memory theft from Gauls, 44–46, 58–61; Quarrel’s anti-roman battles, 6–10, 34, 38–46, 58–61; relationship to the Greeks as their own cultural liberators, 49–50, 70–71; serving to legitimate France’s assimilationist policy in new World, 17–18, 113, 114–15; “soft” mode of domination, 47, 149; spreading humanitas, 47; thought structures, 70–71; Trojan myth of descent, 6, 37–38, 70, 232n18, 232n22. See also Gauls, romanized/civilized ancient World, France’s colonial relationship to, 2–3, 4–11. See also France’s dominant cultural narrative; Gauls, precolonized; Gauls, romanized/civilized; imitation of the ancients; Quarrel between the ancients and Moderns Annuae Litterae Societatis Jesu, 83 apostolides, Jean-Marie, 127 aristotle, 141, 162, 190 i n d e x index 308 art and imitation: and civilizing of the amerindians, 162–65, 185; as distancing shield against regression into barbarism, 185–91 ashcraft, richard, 181–82 assimilation and France’s colonial stance toward amerindians, 11–14, 91–121; as anachronistic term, 18–20, 89–90, 235n66; boundary dilemmas and identities, 26, 92–94, 102–11, 116–21, 156, 159–61, 174–80, 184, 185, 191; boundary-stretching, 102–3, 108, 115, 120, 156, 184; and Catholic universalism, 113–14; clash between the Crown and Jesuits over implementation, 108–9, 255n64; diminishing the significance of French-amerindian differences, 94–101, 175–76; education and erosion of cultural boundaries, 109–11; and France’s Christian monotheism, 104; “frenchification,” 106–7, 158–59, 161; how the Crown defined “peoplehood” and integration process, 106–9; and imitation as voluntary subjection, 154–65; integrationist assimilation, 104–9, 116–21; intermarriage, 11–14, 101, 105–6, 111–12, 116–20; Jesuits and, 105–6, 108–9, 117– 18; legitimation by rome’s civilizing mission, 17–18, 113, 114–15; motivations for colonial policy, 111–15, 119; “passing” as ideal kind of boundarycrossing , 97–101, 115, 120; and question of slavery in France, 97, 252n21; religious orders and integrationist assimilation, 105–6, 108–9, 254n47; religious orders and segregationist stances, 106, 108, 117–18, 254n48; reverse influences and risk of regression into barbarism, 115–18, 120–21, 133–34, 180–84; safeguarding France’s identity and purity, 159–61; and seduction, 157–58; significance of failure, 118–21; tasks of French culture, 119, 157–60; transformation of sauvages into civilized French Catholics, 94–102, 158–59. See also “us-them” boundaries aubert, Guillaume, 16 augustine, Saint, 64, 146 augustus, 5, 127 Bacon, Francis, 35 Balzac, Honoré de, 19, 221; Les Paysans, 19 Bancel, nicolas...