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al-ʿAbbās, 90, 92, 94, 97; rebuke of ʿUmar, 70, 95, 185 ʿAbbāsids, 6, 28, 48, 132, 204, 216, 243, 252, 257–59; and standardization of Islam, 64, 66–67, 100, 158, 259, 265, 268 ʿAbdallāh b. Abī Bakr, 97 ʿAbd al-Malik, 53, 194, 212; and confessionalization of Islam, 206, 210–11, 253, 255–56; and the Dome of the Rock, 211, 234–35, 241–44, 255, 262; and the hajj, attempt to divert to Jerusalem, 234, 241–44, 345–46 n.228; hajj, leadership of, 256; and the Ḥijāz, 252–56; Kaʿba, restoration of, 256; and the qibla, 225, 227; and the Second Civil War, 241, 250, 252–56; and standardization of Islam, 147, 149, 158, 210, 253, 255–56, 322 n.140; and standardization of the Qurʾān, 123, 137, 147–50, 184, 206, 210, 245, 253, 268, 322 n.133; and Temple, restoration of, 204, 232–34. See also Dome of the Rock ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Sanʿānī, 78, 93–97, 297– 98 n.22 Abdel Haleem, M. A. S., 160 Abraham, 15, 32, 75, 115, 119, 153, 199–201, 203, 205, 209–11, 213–14, 217–18, 221, 223, 231, 238–39, 250–53, 256–57, 262–65, 267. See also Promised Land Abū Bakr, 38–39, 46–47, 53–54, 90–94, 97, 109, 115, 123, 187, 201; and beliefs about Muhammad’s relation to the Hour, 184–85, 188; and collection of the Qurʾān, 146–47; introduction of new Qurʾānic verse, 91, 94–95, 180–83, 185–86, 188; and the invasion of Persia, 43–46; rebuke of ʿUmar, 91, 94, 121, 179–86 Abū Dāʾūd, 96, 111 Abū Isḥāq, 8 Abū l-Fatḥ, Samaritan Chronicle. See Continuatio of Abū l-Fatḥ’s Samaritan Chronicle Acts of the Apostles, 194, 275 Adam, 223, 238 Afzaal, Ahmed, 134 Agapius, Chronicle, 41, 48–49, 59 Ahl al-kitāb (people of the book), 154, 206–9 ʿĀʾisha, 80, 88–93 ʿAlī, 41, 90, 92–94, 97, 253 Amida, 53 Amir al-muʾminin (commander of the believers ), 220, 222 al-Amr/amr allāh (eschatological event; “God’s command/rule”), 119, 121, 160, 167, 175; and the “kingdom of God,” 222–23. See also Eschatology, imminent; Hour; Muhammad Anastasius of Sinai, 233 Andrae, Tor, 110, 127, 225 Angels, intercession and veneration, 6, 214 Apocalypse of Rabbi Shimʿōn, 27–33, 58, 66, 237; Muhammad and the invasion of Palestine in, 28, 31–33. See also Prayer of Rabbi Shimʿōn b. Yoḥai; Secrets of Rabbi Shimʿōn; Ten Kings Midrash Apocryphal acts of the Apostles, and the sīra traditions, 273–75 ʿAqaba, 110, 113 Al-Aqṣā Mosque, 215, 228, 238, 348–49 n.280; as heavenly temple, 256; Paradise will open up beneath, 232; pilgrimage to, 229 Arab/Arabian identity in Islam. See Confessional identity in early Islam Arabia, Arabian Peninsula, 7, 15, 19, 34, 63, 75, 92, 94, 102, 119, 251; Roman province, 38, 42–43, 45, 115, 201–2, 247, 339 n.106. I n d e x 392 index See also Confessional identity in early Islam; Ḥijāz; Jordan Arabs, 23–24, 37–38, 54, 59, 66, 107, 110, 119, 122, 246, 252; common ancestry with Jews, 32, 200–203; unity with Jews, 24, 28, 32–33, 200–204, 218–19, 221, 338–39 n.106. Archaeology of early Islamic Palestine, 57, 213, 279–80 n.6 Arculf, 234 Afsaruddin, Asma, 135 Armstrong, Karen, 134–35 Ayoub, Mahmoud, 126, 135, 170, 178, 189 Baghdad, 64, 66, 226, 228 Baḥīrā legend, 55–56, 63, 70–71, 96, 175, 258 al-Balādurī, 76, 91, 94–95, 97, 110, 258 Balqāʾ, attack on, 111. See also Ubnā/Yubnā; Usāma b. Zayd Barthes, Roland, 22, 80 Barthold, Vasily (Wilhelm), 225 Bashear, Suliman, 24, 172–77, 189, 204, 211, 215, 224, 230, 252, 350 n.293 Basilides, 194 Baṣra, 86, 150, 226–27 Bauer, Walter, 254, 269, 351 n.4 Baur, F. C., 124–26, 184–85 Bayt al-Maqdis. See Jerusalem; Temple Mount/Temple Believers. See Community of the Believers Bell, Richard, 154; and chronology of Qurʾānic traditions, 129–31, 145; and collection of the Qurʾān, 144; and interpolations of the Qurʾān, 168; and marginalization of eschatology, 120, 128– 36, 164, 175, 178, 188–89, 316 n.86 Biblical studies, 8, 10, 124–25, 269, 272–77; and conflicts between Peter and Paul, 184– 85; criterion...

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