Notes
Notes Introduction 1. ‘‘Cross-Border Oil and Gas Pipelines: Problems and Prospects,’’ ESMAP (2003) (Washington, D.C.: UNDP/World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Program, 2003), 45. 2. Quoted in Friedemann Mueller, ‘‘Energy Security: Demands Imposed on German and European Foreign Policy by a Changed Configuration in the World Energy Market,’’ SWP Research Paper, German Institute for International and Security Affairs (Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik), RP 2, English version of SWP-Studie 33/06 (Berlin, January 2007), 5. 3. Dick Cheney, keynote speech in Vilnius, Lithuania, May 4, 2006. 4. Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power (New York: Free Press, 1992), 171. 5. The ‘‘Seven Sisters’’ refers to Jersey (Exxon), Socony-Vacuum (Mobil), Standard of California (Chevron), and Texaco, in addition to Gulf, Royal Dutch/Shell, and British Petroleum. See Yergin, The Prize, 503. 6. Key World Energy Statistics 2005 (Vienna: IEA, 2005), 10. 7. Yergin, The Prize, 718. This trend of fuel efficiency, however, was reversed in recent years in the United States. In addition, Americans have at least until 2008 been driving larger vehicles longer distances. Thus, since 1990, the number of gallons consumed on a per vehicle basis has risen substantially. See Austan Goolsbee, ‘‘A Country Less Dependent on Oil Is Free to Make Other New Year’s Resolutions,’’ New York Times, January 4, 2007. 8. Key World Energy Statistics, 6, 33. 9. Forbes magazine’s annual list of billionaires includes each year a significant number of individuals who accumulated their wealth from oil, natural gas, and mineral ownership. In Russia, for instance, Forbes identified more than 36 oligarchs of mineral wealth as billionaires. See Marshall I. Goldman, ‘‘Putin and the Oligarchs,’’ Foreign Affairs (November/December 2004): 33. 10. See The Future of Coal: Options for a Carbon Constrained World (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2007). 11. International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2002 (Paris: IEA, 2002). 12. John P. Holdren and Kirk R. Smith, ‘‘Energy, the Environment, and Health,’’ chapter 3 in World Energy Assessment: Energy and the Challenge of Sustainability , ed. José Goldemberg (New York: UNDP, 2000), 68. 13. Carl Walske, ‘‘Nuclear Electric Power and the Proliferation of Nuclear Weapon States,’’ International Security 1, no. 3 (Winter 1977): 94–106; Robert L. 168 Notes to Page 18 Paarlberg, ‘‘Food, Oil, and Coercive Resource Power,’’ International Security 3, no. 2 (Autumn 1978): 3–19; Richard R. Fagen, ‘‘Mexican Petroleum and U.S. National Security,’’ International Security 4, no. 1 (Summer 1979): 39–53; Ray Dafter, ‘‘World Oil Production and Security of Supplies,’’ International Security 4, no. 3 (Winter 1979–1980): 154–76; David A. Deese, ‘‘Energy: Economics, Politics , and Security,’’ International Security 4, no. 3 (Winter 1979–1980): 140–53; Thane Gustafson, ‘‘Energy and the Soviet Bloc,’’ International Security 6, no. 3 (Winter 1981–1982): 65–89; Robert J. Lieber, ‘‘Energy, Economics, and Security in Alliance Perspective,’’ International Security 4, no. 4 (Spring 1980): 139–63; Robert J. Lieber, ‘‘Oil and Power After the Gulf War,’’ International Security 17, no. 1 (Summer 1992): 155–76. 14. Sean M. Lynn-Jones and Steven Miller, eds., Global Dangers: Changing Dimensions of International Security (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1995). 15. Among the most noteworthy, M. A. Adelman, The Genie Out of the Bottle: World Oil Since 1970 (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1996). 16. Joseph Nye and David Deese, eds., Energy and Security (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1981). 17. Roy Licklider, ‘‘The Power of Oil: The Arab Oil Weapon and the Netherlands , the United Kingdom, Canada, Japan, and the United States,’’ International Studies Quarterly 32, no. 2 (June 1988): 205–26; R. James Woolsey, ‘‘Defeating the Oil Weapon,’’ Commentary 114, no. 2 (September 2002): 29–33. 18. Joseph S. Nye, ‘‘Balancing Nonproliferation and Energy Security,’’ Technology Review (December 1978/January 1979): 48–57; Carl Walske, ‘‘Nuclear Electric Power and the Proliferation of Nuclear Weapon States,’’ International Security 1, no. 3 (Winter 1977): 94–106. 19. Examples include Louis Turner, ‘‘The Oil Majors in World Politics,’’ International Affairs 52, no. 3 (July 1976): 368–80; Louis Turner, Oil Companies in the International System (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1978); 2nd ed. (Winchester, Mass.: Allen & Unwin, 1980); Karl Kaiser, ‘‘Transnational Relations as a Threat to Democratic Process,’’ International Organization 25, no. 3 (Summer 1971); Joseph S. Nye, Jr., and Robert O. Keohane, ‘‘Transnational Relations and World Politics: An Introduction,’’ International Organization 25, no. 3 (Summer 1971). 20. Steve Chan, ‘‘The Consequences of Expensive Oil on Arms Transfers,’’ Journal of Peace Research, 17, no. 3...
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