Notes
Prologue 1. Edward Graham Daves, “Ralegh’s New Fort in Virginia—,” Magazine of American History (): –; O. R. Mangum, “The Lost Colony Found,” Wake Forest Student (): ; Stephen B. Weeks, “The Lost Colony of Roanoke : Its Fate and Survival,” Papers of the American Historical Association (): ; Joseph Blount Cheshire, “Baptism of Virginia Dare,” North Carolina Booklet (): . 2. Cameron Binkley and Steven Davis, Preserving the Mystery: An Administrative History of Fort Raleigh National Historic Site (Washington, D.C: National Park Service, ), –; William S. Powell, Paradise Preserved (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, ), , –. 3. Paul Green, The Lost Colony: A Symphonic Drama in Two Acts (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, ), –. 4. The play has evolved over time, and in recent versions the producers have worked to present a more sympathetic depiction of the Indians in the area. Progress has been made, but there is still plenty of work remaining to be done. 5. As of , the National Park Service did offer an “interpretive program” at the Fort Raleigh National Historic Site treating the native peoples of the Carolina Sounds. The discussion, however effective, is divorced from the larger historical narrative. The NPS rangers divide the story of the Roanoke Ventures into a number of chapters which they present over the course of the day in short talks offered to visitors at the historical site. Visitors are not likely to view the entire series, unless they spend a full day at the site. Very few do so. The programs consist of the following “interpretive” talks: “: The Scouting Expedition”; “–: The Exploration Expedition”; and “: The Colony.” Three other programs treat “The Algonquians”; the history of a Freedmen’s Colony located on the island after the American Civil War; and, finally, a presentation on Paul Green’s Lost Colony pageant . See “Summer Program Descriptions,” In the Park (Summer ): . 6. Walter Clark, On Roanoke Island (Goldsboro, N.C.: Nash Brothers, ), –. 7. Winston’s remarks included in Thomas Pasteur Noe, Pilgrimage to Old Fort Raleigh on Roanoke Island, North Carolina (New Bern, N.C.: Owen and Dunn, ), n.p. 8. Frederick Jackson Turner, “The Significance of the Frontier in American History,” in Frontier and Section: Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner, ed Ray Allen Billington (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, ), . For a recent lucid and well-argued revision of Turner, see Daniel K. Richter, Facing East from Indian Country: A Native History of Early America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, ). 9. There certainly could have been more such Indian victories over small pockets of European peoples at scattered points along the American coast. Early European activity in the Americas is described well in David B. Quinn, North America from Earliest Discovery to First Settlements: The Norse Voyages to (New York: Harper and Row, ). 10. How to do this has been a topic of major discussion among historians of early America. See Richter, Facing East, for one suggestion, but see as well the following collections of essays by James Axtell: Natives and Newcomers: The Cultural Origins of North America (New York: Oxford University Press, ); After Columbus : Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America (New York: Oxford University Press, ); and The European and the Indian: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America (New York: Oxford University Press, ). The literature on how best to write Native American history during the early period is voluminous . A small but important sampling of this literature would include Colin G. Calloway, New Worlds for All: Indians, Europeans, and the Remaking of Early America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, ); James H. Merrell, “‘The Customes of Our Countrey’: Indians and Colonists in Early America,” in Strangers Within the Realm: Cultural Margins of the First British Empire, ed. Philip Morgan and Bernard W. Bailyn (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, ); and Karen Ordahl Kupperman, Indians and English: Facing Off in Early America (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, ). Useful works on other Indian communities that informed my own approach to this subject include Charles S. Hudson, Conversations with the High Priest of Coosa (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, ); Frederic W. Gleach, Powhatan’s World and Colonial Virginia: A Conflict of Cultures (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, ); Camilla Townshend, Pocahontas and the Powhatan Dilemma (New York: Hill and Wang, ); John Demos, The Unredeemed Captive: A Family Story from Early America (New York: Knopf, ); Jill Lepore, The Name of War: King Philip’s War and the Origins of American Identity (New York: Knopf, ); David J. Silverman, Faith and...
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