Notes
Notes Preface 1. Constance H. Berman, Medieval Agriculture, the Southern-French Countryside, and. the Early Cistercians:A Study of Forty-Three Monasteries (Philadelphia, 1986); hereafter Berman, MA. 2. Statuta Capitulorum Generalium Ordinis Cisterciensis ab Anno 1116 ad Annum 1786, ed. J.-M. Canivez, 8 vols. (Louvain, 1933), hereafter Statuta. See also Brigitte Degler-Spengler, "The Incorporation of Cistercian Nuns into the Order in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Century," Hidden Springs, ed. John A. Nichols and Lillian Thomas Shank, 2 vols., Medieval Religious Women 3, 4 (Kalamazoo, Mich., 1995), hereafter Hidden Springs, vol. i, pp. 85-134 (an adaption of Degler-Spengler's earlier "Die Zisterzienserinnen in der Schweiz," Helvetia Sacra [Bern] 3 [1982]: 507-74; see also Distant Echoes in the list of abbreviations). 3. See Louis J. Lekai, The Cistercians: Ideals and Reality (Kent, Ohio, 1977). 4. But while such problems with regard to individual monastic foundations and their monastic foundation charters have been explored extensively by V H. Galbraith and others, they have not been taken up with regard to the dating of how abbeyswere attached to twelfth-centuryorders, because foundations are assumed to have followed the invention of an Order like that of the Cistercians; on individual houses, seeV H. Galbraith, "Monastic Foundation Charters of the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries," Cambridge HistoricalJournal 4 (1934): 205-22,296-98. 5. This insight was confirmedby Marcel Pacaut, private communication, September 1998. 6. David Knowles, "The Primitive Cistercian Documents," Great HistoricalEnterprises : Problems inMonastic History (London, 1963), pp. 197-222. 7. Michael T. Clanchy, From Memory to Written Record: England, 1066-1307, 2nd ed., (Oxford, 1993); Barbara Rosenwein, ToBe the Neighbor of Saint Peter: The Social Meaning of Cluny's Property, 000-1049 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1989); Ellen E. Kittel, From Ad Hoc to Routine:A Case Study in Medieval Bureaucracy (Philadelphia, 1991); Charles Homer Haskins, The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century (Cambridge, Mass., 1922). 8. Martha G. Newman, The Boundaries of Charity: Cistercian Culture and Ecclesiastical Reform, 1098-1180 (Palo Alto, Calif, 1996); Brian Stock, The Implications of Literacy: Written Language and Models of Interpretation in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries (Princeton, N.J., 1983). 9. Adriaan H. Bredero, Bernard of Clairvaux: Between Cult and History (Grand Rapids, Mich., 1997). 10. On that pressure on Cistercians, see Jean Leclercq, "Passage supprime dans une epitre d'Alexandre III" R. benedictine 62 (1952): 149-51, discussed further below; the suppressed passageis restored to the 1170 letter in my Appendix 5. 11. Set Atlas de I'Ordre cistercien, ed. Frederik van der Meer (Paris, 1965), here- 262 Notes to Page xviii after Atlas. In speaking of southern France and Cistercians there, I include the ecclesiastical provinces of Aix, Aries, Narbonne, Toulouse, Auch, and Bourges (Albi, Castres , Mende, Rodez, Vabres), and southern dioceses in the province of Vienne (Die, Valence, Viviers, but not Vienne itself). I briefly discuss the abbeyof Bonnevaux in the latter diocese becauseit became mother-house to many southern abbeys. I leave out the diocese of Cahors in the province of Bourges and the nearby dioceses of Sarlat and Agen in the province of Bordeaux because destruction in the early modern period means that almost no documents have survived, but I mention Cadouin, mother-abbey for several southern houses. Political boundaries make little sense for limiting the region of this study; secular reigns provide better approximate endpoints than do events in church history. Church councils, including the great Fourth Lateran assembly in 1215, did not signal immediate changes in the monastic history of southern France or elsewhere. Ends of reigns did have some significance: a pair of possible endpoints are 1249, when the last male member of the Raymondine comitalfamilyof Toulouse died, and 1270, when Raymond VII's daughter Jeanne (who had inherited his political rights) and her husband, Alphonse of Poitiers (son of Louis VIII of France), both died on Crusade. 12. The treatment by Robert Bartlett, TheMaking of Europe: Conquest, Colonization ,and CulturalChange,950-1350 (Princeton, N.J., 1994), pp. 255-60 and ff., suggests the need to differentiate between "old" and "new" Europe, in the twelfth century more generally and in undertaking further investigation. Obviously, the documents from other regions, carefully dated and handled, eventually will allow other scholars to provide clarifications of the picture provided here. 13. The Midi did have a much longer history of Greek and Roman settlement and legal practices, in places a true Mediterranean polyculture of vines, olives, and wheat, and alandscape with manychanges of elevation, making it suitablefor the institution of transhumance...
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