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177 Notes CHAPTER ONE 1. A series of frescos in the Trinity (Troitska) church, including the Expulsion , was painted in the 1730s and ’40s by a group of artists from the Kiev monastery’s icon school, probably working under the masters I. Kodel’skii and A. Galik. Boris Vladimirovich Veimarn and Akademiia khudozhestv SSSR, Istoriia iskusstva narodov SSSR, 9 vols. (Moscow: Izobrazitel’noe iskusstvom, 1967) 4: 200–202. See also F. S. Umantsev, Troitska nadbramna tserkvi (Kiev: Mystetstvo, 1970). For color reproductions of this fresco, see Alina Kondratiuk, Serhii Krolevets’, and Valentyna Kolpakova, Monumental’nyi zhyvopys Troits’koi nadbramnoi tserkvi Kyevo-Pechers’koi lavry (Kiev: Komp’iuterno-vydavnychyi informatsiinyi tsentr, 2005), 150–52. 2. The term Velikorossiia, which stands in opposition to Malorossiia, should not necessarily be read to mean “great Russia,” as it often is, but rather “greater Russia,” which designates a wider, surrounding region. I am grateful to George Grabowicz for sharing this linguistic observation with me. 3. Israel Bartal points to two key issues that affected Jewish integration into the Tsarist Empire: the system of Jewish self-governance and the Jews’ economic role as leaseholders within a Polish feudal system. “The various czars—beginning with Catherine II, who ruled at the time of the partitions, and ending with Nicholas I, who ruled until the second half of the nineteenth century—dealt with these two issues through legislation intended to transfer the large Jewish minority from the frameworks of the Polish republic of nobles to those of the Russian absolutist state.” Israel Bartal, The Jews of Eastern Europe, 1772–1881, trans. Chaya Naor (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006), 59. 4. Murray Jay Rosman, The Lords’ Jews (Harvard University Press for the Center for Jewish Studies, Harvard University and the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 1990), 212. 5. Orest Subtelny, Russocentrism, Regionalism, and the Political Culture of Ukraine (Washington, D.C., and College Park: University of Maryland at College Park, 1994), 1. 178 Notes to Pages 5–6 6. The years 1828–31 saw territorial treaties with Persia (1828) and the Ottoman Empire (1829). For a detailed analysis of Russia’s territorial policy, see John Le Donne, The Grand Strategy of the Russian Empire: 1650–1831 (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2004), 202. 7. This intellectual suppression of the Ukrainian community fueled tension among Russia’s subcultures, paradoxically adding motivation to the nascent Ukrainian national movement across the western border in Habsburg Galicia. 8. Mikhail Krutikov reminds us that “Uvarov’s reform created a unique situation in which many maskilim received direct support from the Russian state, even though the government did not endorse the ideology of the Haskalah completely.” Mikhail Krutikov, Yiddish Fiction and the Crisis of Modernity, 1905–1914 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2001), 69. 9. As Olga Litvak has noted, “The meeting of the minds between Nicholaevan state officials and the founders of the Russian-Jewish Englishtenment has always been something of an embarrassment to Jewish historians, especially given the grim realities of child recruitment and rampant corruption.” Olga Litvak , Conscription and the Search for Modern Russian Jewry (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006), 6–12. On measures included in the government’s Enlightenment policies, see ibid. Kenneth Moss has shown that the measures to limit printing were short-lived and geographically scattered, so as to have made little actual impact on readers. See Kenneth B. Moss, “Printing and Publishing: Printing and Publishing After 1800,” in YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, accessed November 15, 2010, http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article .aspx/Printing_and_Publishing/Printing_and_Publishing_after_1800. 10. Yohanan Petrovsky-Shtern, Jews in the Russian Army, 1827–1917 (Cambridge , Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 59. 11. Litvak, Conscription and the Search for Modern Russian Jewry, 7. 12. On the relationship of the late tsarist governments to Jewish cultural integration , see Hans Rogger, “Russian Ministers and the Jewish Question, 1881– 1917,” in Jewish Policies and Right-Wing Politics in Imperial Russia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 56–112. 13. For a discussion of the pogroms of 1881 to 1882, and the effect they had on Jewish politics, see Jonathan Frankel, Prophecy and Politics: Socialism, Nationalism, and the Russian Jews, 1862–1917 (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 49–132. 14. This period did see reforms at the level of peasant land tenure. For a good discussion of the Stolypin agrarian reforms, see Olga Crisp, “Peasant Land Tenure and Civil Rights Implications before 1906” in Civil Rights in Imperial Russia, ed. Olga Crisp and Linda Harriet Edmondson (Gloucestershire, Eng.: Clarendon...

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