Dispositional Properties

Index

INDEX Abilities: and dispositions, 16 Abstract ideas: Berkeley's theory of, 18, 19, 20; Hume's theory of, 1828 , 50-51, 76-77; and determinate ideas, 18-28 passim, 50, 76, 77; and represented ideas, 18-28 passim, 50, 51, 76, 77; and power, 19-28, 76-77; and signs, 22, 23, 24, 28, 50, 51; and causality, 2628 , 29-30, 76-77; five factors of, 30 Accidental conjunction: defined, 36, 42, 207; and causal relationship, 36-37, 43, 81, 87, 108, 111-13, 114; and spatial and temporal relationships , 42, 112, 113, 207; conditionals describing, 90, 95, 109110 , 111-13; experiments for, 95, 109-10 Actuality: and potentiality, 14, 15, 61-63, 65, 71, 119, 159, 162-63, 166, 169-71, 182-91 passim, 192, 209; and essence, 184, 189- See also Nonintrospectable mental states; Static properties Algebraic formulae: and synthesis of recognition, 140; Wittgenstein's use of, 147-56 passim Apperception: transcendental unity of, 138, 141, 144- See also Apprehension ; Recognition; Reproduction Apprehension: synthesis of, 138-39, 140-41, 143, 144 Aristotle: on real potentiality, 28, 71, 159,160-62,166-69,171-72,183, 193, 194-95, 209; on formal cause, 59; on causal laws, 59; on universalia in rebus, 59; on substance, 160-61, 167, 169, 183; on the Megarian argument, 166-69; on possibility and necessity, 168-69; on mental activity, 177-78; on essence , 183 Atoms: causal conditions and effects conceived as, 80; temporal, 139 Austin, John: analysis of "can" and "could have" sentences, 4-5, 7, 910 , 11, 28, 55, 56, 89, 118, 192, 203 Behaviorism: and mental activity, 15, 120-22, 128-38, 147-58; Wittgenstein 's 15-16, 120-37, 147-58; and the observer, 129-37 passim, 14757 passim; and verifiability, 133, 135-36, 137, 152, 156-57 Berkeley, George: on disposition, 7; on abstract ideas, 18, 19, 20 Braithwaite, R. B.: on causal law statements, 91, 108-13 Calculus: of formalized scientific theories, 104-6 "Can" and "could have" sentences: "shall-if" and "should have-if" analysis of, 4, 9-10, 55, 89, 166, 192; and "if"-clauses, 4-5; and opportunity, 5, 10; and dispositions, 5-6, 7-8, 9-10, 55, 86, 89, 166, 192; are indicative, 5-10 passim; as predictions, 8, 9; as normative statements, 10; and desire, 10; and causal laws, 55; and causal law statements, 89 Capacities: and dispositions, 16; indeterminacy of rational, 16, 176-79 INDEX Carnap, Rudolf: reduction sentences, 91-96 passim, 98-1°3 passim, 106, 206; ineliminability of dispositional predicates, 96-<)8, 204; eliminability of dispositional predicates, 102-3 Categorical factors: their reality, 1112 , 198-99; their function, 11-12, 198-<)9; examples of, 12; and reason , 13, 198-99; and causality, 14; and dispositions, 14; and substance, 60 Causal conditions: and nonintrospectable mental states, 25, 143-44, 156; and abstract ideas, 27; supplementary , 30, 32, 67-68; assembly is fortuitous, 33-34; always produce effects, 34-35, 40-41, 47; are likely to produce effects, 35-40; and spatial and temporal relationships, 42-43, 44; as quasi-mathematical entities, 44; material identity of, 44; must produce effects, 47-48, 50; distinguishable and spearable from effects, 63, 64, 65; all have powers, 67-68; pragmatic interest in 68; as atoms, 80. See also Causal relationship ; Causal necessity; Causal sufficiency Causal implication, 90 Causality: as basis for analyzing dispositions , 14, 29-30, 52, 166, 171, 173, 174; experience the basis for analysis of, 40; Hume's theory of, 72-76, 80-81; in Kant, 143. See also Causal conditions; Causal necessity; Causal relationship; Causal sufficiency Causal laws: rendered inoperative, 37, 48-49; and causal relationship, 41; function of, 41, 53-54, 66; and analysis of dispositions, 53-56, 6162 , 66-67, 85; universal scope of, 54, 55, 86, 87-88; realist theory of, 55-56, 56-60, 66-67, 87-88; reductionist theory of, 55-56, 85, 87-88; and substance, 57-60. See also Causal law statements Causal law statements: and dispositions , 8-9, 55, 85-89, 116-17, 117-18, 197; universal scope of, 12; range of time in, 49; causal laws reduced to, 56, 60, 85, 87-88; are counterfactuals, 60, 89-90, 102, 106, 204; analyticity of, 65-66, 90; 212 and dispositional predicates, 86, 100-101, 101-2; verifiability of, 88; Wittgenstein on, 88; cognitive significance of, 88; distinguished from other counterfactuals, 89-90, 94, 102-3, 106, 108-14, 116; and established scientific theories, 91, 103-16; evidence for, 94-95, 100, 102, 103, 106, 108-14, 116, 197; and reduction sentences, 95, 100101 , 101-3, 106; Braithwaite on, 108-q Causal necessity: frequency theory of, 35; and existential dependence, 47; Hume's theory of, Hume on, 5051 ,72-76,78; and dispositions, 69, 108; and ideas of reason, 73-76; Hegel on, 78-79; a world deprived of, 79-82; logical empiricist theory of, 83, 113-15; and established scientific theories, 103, 108, 11516 Causal qualities: and dispositions, 6 Causal relations: and causal sufficiency , 34-35, 46-47; and causal necessity, 34-35, 47; Hume's theory of, 50-51, 72-76, 79-82, 112. See also Causal relationships; Constant conjunction Causal relationships: and dispositions, 15, 26, 27, 52, 67, 69, 159; and spatial and temporal relationships, 26, 35-46, 48, 79-82, 112-14; and abstract ideas, 27; characterized, 32-51 Causal sufficiency: frequency theory of, 35; and production, 45, 46-47, 112; Hume on, 50-51; and dispositions , 69, 108; Hegel on, 78-79; a world deprived of, 79-82; and established scientific theories, 108, 115-16,118 Change: and the analysis of dispositions , 14, 29, 30, 52, 166, 171, 174; possible and necessary, 16869 ; continuous, 179-80; discrete, 180-81 Classificatory systems: and essence, 183-84 Common sense: and dispositions, 11, 53, 56, 61, 89, 118 Concepts: as dispositions, 19; and abstractionism, 25; and synthesis of recognition, 140 Conceptual experiments: for poten- INDEX tiality, 62-63, 187-88; their usefulness , 63 Consciousness: and mental activity, 20, 23, 12 3, 138, 140-41, 156; unity of, 138 Constant conjunction: of causes and effects, 35-49 passim; 112. See also Causal necessity; Causal relations; Causal relationship; Causal sufficiency Counterfactual conditionals: and dispositions , 8-9, 10; kinds of, 89-<)0; and material implication, 89-<)0, 103, 203-4; formal rules to distinguish , 103; as subjunctive, 113, 204; ordinary language interpretation of, 204. See also Causal law statements; Reduction sentences; Established Scientific theories Criterion: of nonaccidental conjunction , 112, 207; (ie.) for systematically derived series, 151-53; of non-separability, 178, 179, 180 Customs: as concepts, 19; as dispositions , 20 Determinism: and converging historical strands, 33 Dispositional language: and realist theories of dispositions, 4, 5-6, 11, 28-29, 53, 163, 164-65; and reductionist theories of dispositions, 710 , 61, 83 Dispositional predicates: and dispositions , 5, 86; and causal law statements, 86, 100-102, 204; and reduction sentences, 91-94, 96100 ,206 Divine purpose: and causality, 71 Dynamic properties: defined, 185; relation to static properties, 18588 , 210-11; relation to nonintrospectable mental states, 188-89 Effects: produced by causes, 46; existentially dependent upon causes, 47; distinguishable and separable from causes, 63, 64, 65. See also Causal relations; Causal relationships ; Constant coniunction Essence: and potentialities, 183, 184, 185-89; of substances, 183, 184, 189; and classificatory systems, 183-84; and actuality, 184, 18589 ; its unity, 190, 191 213 Established scientific theories: used to distinguish counterfactuals, 103, 106, 107-8, 109-14; their formalization , 104-6; metaphysical presuppositions , 108, 116-17, 118; Braithwaite on, 108-14; metaphysical motive for their use, 114 Existential dependence, See Causal necessity Experience: Wittgenstein's notion of, 127 Explicit definition: of dispositional predicates, 96, 98, 101, 102 Facilities: of dispositions, 16; acquisition of, 25-26, 3I Goodman, Nelson: on supplementary causal conditions, 32; on dispositions , 84-85; theory of projection, 207; on causal relationships, 207-8 Grammar: surface, 7; deeper, 7; of "can" and "could have," 8; and rules of use, 1 32 Habits: and dispositions, 16 Hegel, G. W. F.: on Hume, 78-79 Historical strands: converging, 33-34 Hume, David: on dispositions, 7, 17, 19-21, 28, 52, 71, 76, 85; on abstract ideas, 17, 18-22, 50-51, 76-77; on association of ideas, 19, 24, 78, 205; on concept formation, 25; on causality, 34, 5°-51,7°,7276 ,80-81,87,112,114,115, 205; on reason, 74-76; Hegel on, 78-79 Ideas: association of, 19, 24, 78, 140, 205; innate, 25; are effects, 26, 27, 29, 143; of reason, 73-76 passim, 198. See also Abstract ideas Identity: of mind and body, 15, 146, 189 "If"-clause: and "can" and "could have" sentences, 4-5; and being in a position to act, 5 If-it-does-it-can rule: and infinite regress , 210-11 "Inference tickets": and dispositional predicates, 85 Introspectionism: and mental activity , 123, 133, 208 Kant, Immanuel: and principle directing realist theory of dispositions, 11; on mental activity, 78,138-41, INDEX Kant, Immanuel (cant.) 143-44; on mental substance, 142, 143-44; and Cartesian dualism, 144 Kinds: efficacy of, 44, 50-51, 57-60, 197-98; Aristotle's doctrine of, 59; reality of, 59-60; neglected by Hume,87 Language: logical empiricist use of, 83-84; Wittgenstein's theory of, 124-26. See also Ordinary Ian· guage analysis Learning situation: Wittgenstein on, 120-22 Leibniz, G. W.: on dispositions, 28; on mind, 124 Malcolm, Norman: on Wittgenstein, 126-27 Megarians: theory of potentiality, 166-67, 168, 169 Memory: Hume's theory of, 78; Kant's theory of, 139; and synthe· sis of reproduction, 139 Mental activity: behaviorist theory of, 15, 120, 121-22, 129, 131, 133, 135-36, 137-38, 152, 154, 155, 157-58; Hume on, 18-22, 50-51, 76-78, 205; and nonintrospectable mental states, 25-26, 143, 147, 149-58; as an effect of causal con· ditions, 26, 143; Wittgenstein on, 120-24, 129, 131, 133, 135-36, 149, 152, 154, 155-56, 157, 158; and verifiability, 133, 135, 152, 156; Kantian theory of, 137-38, 138-41, 142-43, 149-55 passim; Aristotle on, 176-77 Mental intentions: and signs, 23; and represented ideas, 23-24; neglected by Hume, 24 Mental states: conscious, 25, 123, 126, 140-41, 156. See also Nonintrospectable mental states Metaphysics: and contemporary empiricists , 3, 83-84, 103, 114, 198; a method for, 11-13, 199; and ordinary language analysis, 163 Modus ponens: and the openness of dispositions, 88-8q, 117-18 Moliere, Jean: on dispositions, 7 Nature: its radical upset, 37-38, 4849 ; limitations in, 87; deprived of necessity, 115 214 Necessity: Aristotle on, 168; Ross on, 168. See also Causal necessity Nonaccidental conjunction: criterion of, 112, 207 Nonintrospectable mental states: and mental dispositions, 15, 25-26, 71, 119, 189; existence of, 15, 119, 142-43, 158; and the actuality of minds, 15, 119, 146, 185, 189; specificity of, 15, 145; endurance of, 15, 145, 189; and brain states, 15, 146; and mental activity, 15-16, 25-26,50,143,147,149-58; Wittgenstein on, 15-16, 123,128, 147, 149-58; acquisition of, 25, 31, 142, 157; innate, 31; Kant on, 143-44 Non-separability: criterion of, 178, 179, 180 Nowell-Smith, Philip: on "can" and "could have" sentences, 9 Observation terms: and dispositional predicates, 84, 91-93, 97-101 Observer: and mental activity, 120, 129-37 passim, 147-57 passim. See also Behaviorism; Wittgenstein Occasionalism: and dispositions, 172, 192 Ordinary language analysis: and contemporary empiricists, 3, 7-8, 53, 89; and reality of dispositions, 3, 11, 28-29, 53, 89, 163; and metaphysical analysis, 3, 28-29, 16465 ; Wittgenstein's reform of, 134; and counterfactuals, 204 Pap, Arthur: on dispositions, 85-86, 96; on causal necessity, 114-15 Perception: and knowledge, 6, 78-79, 85, 198; causal theory of, 82; and the analysis of potentiality, 163 Physical objects: and realist theory of dispositions, 18; relation of static and dynamic properties in, 185-8& Physiology: and mental activity, 124, 133, 146, 208 Plato: on innate ideas, 25 Possibility: as potentiality, 52; Aristotle on, 168; Ross on, 168 Powers: and dispositions, 6, 16; and abstract ideas, 17-18, 19-28, 30 Pragmatic interest: and naming of dispositions, 68; and definition of dispositional predicates, 98-99 Predictions: and "can" and "could INDEX have" sentences, 8, 9; and established scientific theories, 105, 11617 Principle: governing realist theory of dispositions, 11-14, 199; of contradiction , 13, 65-66 Probability: frequency theory of, 40; as potentiality, 52 Process: and causal laws, 41; and causal relationships, 41 Production. See Causal sufficiency Productive qualities: and dispositions, 6 Proper names: Wittgenstein on, 2526 Properties: a definition of, 5-6; constituting the actuality of substances, 15,61, 62, 119, 146, 184-85, 18589 ; kinds of, 58-60, 66-67; dynamic , 185-89; static, 185-89 Psychology: faculty theory of, 124, 150, 153 Rational inference: and reality of dispositions , 6, 199 Reading machines: Wittgenstein's discussion of, 122, 129, 130-31 Realist theory of dispositions: relevance of ordinary language analysis to, 3, 11, 28-29, 53, 89, 163; statement of, 6; empiricist objections to, 6-9, 53, 198-99; principle directing, 11-14, 199; causality (change) its point of departure, 1~ 29, 30, 52, 16~ 169, 171, 174; five factors, 30; reputed analyticity of, 195-96; and internal relations , 196; and science, 197 Real potentiality: grounded in actuality , 14, 26, 71, 119, 172, 182-83, 184-89, 192; as a condition for change, 14, 52, 53, 166-67, 169, 171, 192, 199; irreducibility of; 14, 61-66, 67, 166-67, 169-71, 192; specificity of, 14, 172, 174-82, 192; and causal laws, 61-66, 67; Aristotle on, 159-62, 166-69, 176-77, 183, 195; has no definition, 161; method of analysis, 163-65; Ross on, 167-68; indeterminacy of, 17482 ; as a constituent of essence, 183, 184; as dynamic properties, 18588 , 190; acquisition and modification of, 191-92; endurance of, 192; reputed to be pseudo-actuality, 193; resisting change, 195 21 5 Recognition: synthesis of, 138, 13940 , 143, 148; and systematically derived series, 153 Reductio ad absurdum: described, 13, 163-65; applied, 43-44, 80, 8182 , 170, 174-75, 186, 188; and Hume's theory of mind, 78; and ordinary language analysis, 164-65; Aristotle's use of, 166, 169 Reductionist theory of dispositions: and verifiability, 6-7, 10-11, 8485 ; and ordinary language analysis, 7-8, 10, 83; destructive part of, 8; constructive part of, 8; Austin's criticism of, 9-10 Reduction sentences: confirming, 91; reduction pairs, 91; distinguish among counterfactuals, 91, 94-95, 106; disconfirming, 91-()2; bilateral, 93-94; law statements generalized from, 95-96, 100-101, 101-2; and eliminability of dispositional predicates , 96-97, 98-102; and ineliminability of dispositional predicates, 97-<)8, 206; are reports of experiments , 97-98, 206; and existential statements, 102 Reproduction: synthesis of, 78, 138, 139-40, 143 Ross, W. D.: on the Megarian theory of dispositions, 167-68 Rule-following: a custom, 132-33, 134 Rules: of linguistic usage and meta· physics, 3; of linguistic usage and dispositions, 4; formation, 104; transformation, 104-5; inductive, 105; of linguistic usage and mean· ing, 126; learned by the observer, 130; and frequency of application, 132-33; and recognition, 140; and awareness of their application, 141 Ryle, Gilbert: on dispositional predicates , 85 Science: continuous progress of, 107; and realist theory of dispositions, 197 "Shall-if" and "should have-if" sentences : and "can" and "could have" sentences, 4, 9-10, 55, 89, 166, 192, 203; and causal law statements , 88; and material implication , 203-4. See also Counterfactual conditionals INDEX Signs: and representative ideas, :u, 23, 24, 28, 50-51 Skills: and dispositions, 16 Solipsism: Wittgenstein on, 125 Spatial and temporal relationships: and causal relationships, 26, 3546 , 48, 78-82, 112-14; defined, 41-42; and accidental conjunction, 42, 112, 113, 207; and motion, 4243 Specious present: and Hume's theory of mind, 77-78 Subsistent entities: and represented ideas, 23, 25, 27 Substance: Categorical analysis of, 11; as dynamic agency, 60, 69, 183; constituted of form and matter, 161; its potentialities, 167, 169; its essence, 183, 184 Tendencies: and dispositions, 16 Time: experience of, 139 Understanding: as a mental activity, 138-40 Unity: of consciousness, 138, 141; of essence, 190 Verifiability: and realist theories of dispositions, 6, 7, 9, 10-11, 8485 ; principle of, 6, 10, 11, 84, 116, 199; and reduction sentences, 97; in Wittgenstein's behaviorism, 13336 , 147-56; and rationalist theory of mind, 137 Whitehead, A. N.: on unity of consciousness , 138 Wittgenstein, Ludwig: his behaviorist theory of mind, 15-16, 120-24, 128-36, 156-58; his theory of language , 124-27; Malcolm on, 12627 ; on the meaninglessness of statements , 128-31; on obeying rules, 131-33; concerned with verifiability , 133-36, 147-56; on systematic and random derivations, 147-48; on rationalist theories of mind, 14756 World: its formal elements, 79, 8182 , 83, 114 ...