Notes
NOTES PRELUDE In the Promised Land 1. For a discussion of the contents of the May 31, 1921, issue of the Tulsa Tribune, see pages 47-48, herein. 2. The primary source for this Prelude is an interview with W.D. Williams—"Bill" Williams—on lune 7, 1978, in Tulsa. 3. A tabulation ofracial violence in America which includes race riots is to be found in Richard Maxwell Brown, Strain of Violence: Historical Studies of American Violence and Vigilantism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975|, 320-26. 4. William Tuttle, Race Riot: Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919 (NewYork:Atheneum , 1972), 268. Chapter 1: Boom Cities 1. United States Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Bicentennial Edition, Part 1 (Washington D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1975), 24-37; Simon Kuznets and Dorothy Swaine Thomas, Population Redistribution and Economic Growth: United States, 1870-1950, Vol. I (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1957], 92. 2. William Butler, Tulsa 75: A History of Tulsa (Tulsa: Metropolitan Tulsa Chamber of Commerce, 1974), 27, 155; James Monroe Hall, The Beginning of Tulsa (Tulsa: Scott-Rice Company, 1928], 3; 1929 Consolidated Building Directory with City Map of Tulsa, Oklahoma (n.p., n.p., n.d.), 1; Tulsa City Directory, 1921 (Tulsa: Polk-Hoffhine Directory Company, 1921), 8. 3. A. V. Bourque, "The Story of Tulsa Is the Story of Oil," Tulsa Spirit, October, 1924, p. 16; C. Vann Woodward, Origins of the New South, 1877-1913 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1951), 302-303; Butler, Tulsa 75, 41. 4. Hall, Beginning of Tulsa, 3; Butler, Tulsa 75, 41, 45, 47. 5. Butler, Tulsa 75, 47, 49; Bourque, "The Story of Tulsa Is the Story of Oil," 16; Angie Debo, Tulsa: From Creek Town to Oil Capital (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1943), 98. 6. In 1909, the city government purchased the bridge which spanned the Arkansas 119 120 Notes to Pages 11-16 River and established it as a "toll free route," thus further facilitatingtravel between Tulsa and the nearby oil fields. Butler, Tulsa 75, 49, 156. 7. Tulsa and West Tulsa, Oklahoma, Directory for 1909 (Tulsa: Burkhart Printing and Stationary Company, 1909), 16-22; Butler, Tulsa 75, 51-53. 8. Kuznets and Thomas, Population Redistribution and Economic Growth, I, 617, and III, 200. 9. Tulsa World, September 5, 1920, p. A2. 10. Debo, Tulsa, 44, 56-57. See also Arthur L. Tolson, The Black Oklahomans: A History, 1541-1972 (New Orleans: EdwardsPrinting Company, 1972|. 11. Tulsa City Directory, 1916(Tulsa: Polk-Hoffhine Directory Company, 1916), 34; Tulsa City Directory, 1922 (Tulsa: Polk-Hoffhine Directory Company, 1922), 15. See Appendix I. 12. Twelfth Census of the United States, 1900, manuscript schedules for Tulsa, Creek County, Indian Territory, Vol. XV, 78A-89A, National Archives, Washington , D.C. 13. Oklahoma Eagle,. September 9, 1968, p. 14; Tulsa World, February 13, 1972,p. A8; Tulsa Guide, September 8,1906, pp. 1-2; Tulsa City Directory,1907(Tulsa: Tulsa OK Press, 1907], 17-24. 14. Tulsa City Directories for 1910, 1911, and 1913 (Tulsa: Polk-Hoffhine Directory Company, 1910-1913). Tulsa County's illiteracy rate for all blacks ten years old and older in 1910 was 8.3 percent, whereas the state and national rates for the same group were 17.7percent and 30.4 percent, respectively.United States Bureau of the Census, Negro Population, 1790-1915 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1918), 102, 404, 826-27; Tulsa Weekly Planet, July 18, 1912, p. 3. See Appendix II. 15. Henry Whitlow, "The History of the Greenwood Era in Tulsa," a paperpresented to the Tulsa County Historical Society, March 29, 1973, p. 5. GreenwoodAvenue most likely was named after Greenwood, Mississippi. Interview with W.D.Williams , lune 7, 1978, Tulsa. 16. Tulsa City Directories for 1919 and 1921 (Tulsa: Polk-Hoffhine Directory Company , 1919 and 1921); United States Bureau of the Census, Negroes in the United States, 1920-1932 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1935), 797; "The Lesson of Tulsa," Outlook, CXXVIII (June 15, 1921), 281; Walter F.White, "The Eruption of Tulsa," Nation, CXII (June 29, 1921), 909-910. 17. "Take Me Back to Tulsa," melody by Bob Wills, words by Tommy Duncan, copyright 1941by Peer International; copyright renewed 1968 by Mrs. Tommy [Ardith Marie] Duncan. Charles R. Townsend, San Antonio Rose: The Life and Music of Bob Wills (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1976), 207-208. 18. Interviews with W. D. Williams, lune 7, 1978, Tulsa; Robert Fairchild...
OR
